CELLULASE PRODUCTION BY LOCAL BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM TAIF IN SAUDI ARABIA

Among 20 bacterial isolates isolated from the soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia,two isolates had high efficacy in producing cellulase enzyme. They belonged to genus Bacillus (Bacillus 8 & 17).  Some factors such as carbon source and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen source, pH and incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that CMC and cellulose were the most effective as they enhanced cellulases production .Sodium nitrate and ammonium chloride were the best nitrogen sources for cellulases production. Initial pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for growth and cellulase production. Incubation temperatures at 25 - 40ºC achieved high cellulases production by the two isolates

CELLULASE PRODUCTION BY TWO FUNGAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM TAIF IN SAUDI ARABIA

Among 17 fungal isolates isolated from soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia, two isolates showed high efficacy in producing cellulases enzymes. They were identified to be Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus wentii. Some factors such as carbon and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen, pH and incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that glucose and cellulose were the most effective as a carbon source while, urea was the best nitrogen source for cellulases production. Initial pH 5.0 and incubation temperatures at 25 or 35ºC achieved high cellulases production

Controlling Alternaria cerealis MT808477 Tomato Phytopathogen by Trichoderma harzianum and Tracking the Plant Physiological Changes

Plant responses during the pathogen infection and the pathogen control reflect its strategies to protect its cells. This work represents the Alternaria cerealis MT808477 as a phytopathogen causing leaf spot disease in tomatoes. A. cerealis was identified morphologically and genetically by 18SrRNA, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Trichoderma harzianum has the ability to control A. cerealis MT808477 by stimulating various cell responses during the controlling process. The cell behavior during the biological control process was observed by analyses of total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase). The extracts of infected tomato leaves were tested against plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Results showed that the biological control process activates the defense cell strategies by increasing the plant tolerance, and activation of plant defense systems. The total phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, antioxidant and malondialdehyde were increased after 48 h. Catalase and peroxidase were increased in infected tomato plants and decreased during the biological control process, reflecting the decrease of cell stress. Leaves extract inhibited the growth of nine plant and human pathogenic microorganisms. Biological control represents a safe and effective solution to phytopathogens that decreases plant cell stress by stimulating various defensive agents