Glycosylation-mediated phenylpropanoid partitioning in Populus tremuloides cell cultures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phenylpropanoid-derived phenolic glycosides (PGs) and condensed tannins (CTs) comprise large, multi-purpose non-structural carbon sinks in <it>Populus</it>. A negative correlation between PG and CT concentrations has been observed in several studies. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship is not known.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>Populus </it>cell cultures produce CTs but not PGs under normal conditions. Feeding salicyl alcohol resulted in accumulation of salicins, the simplest PG, in the cells, but not higher-order PGs. Salicin accrual reflected the stimulation of a glycosylation response which altered a number of metabolic activities. We utilized this suspension cell feeding system as a model for analyzing the possible role of glycosylation in regulating the metabolic competition between PG formation, CT synthesis and growth. Cells accumulated salicins in a dose-dependent manner following salicyl alcohol feeding. Higher feeding levels led to a decrease in cellular CT concentrations (at 5 or 10 mM), and a negative effect on cell growth (at 10 mM). The competition between salicin and CT formation was reciprocal, and depended on the metabolic status of the cells. We analyzed gene expression changes between controls and cells fed with 5 mM salicyl alcohol for 48 hr, a time point when salicin accumulation was near maximum and CT synthesis was reduced, with no effect on growth. Several stress-responsive genes were up-regulated, suggestive of a general stress response in the fed cells. Salicyl alcohol feeding also induced expression of genes associated with sucrose catabolism, glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Transcript levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and most of the flavonoid pathway genes were reduced, consistent with down-regulated CT synthesis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Exogenous salicyl alcohol was readily glycosylated in <it>Populus </it>cell cultures, a process that altered sugar utilization and phenolic partitioning in the cells. Using this system, we identified candidate genes for glycosyltransferases that may mediate the glycosylation, and for transporters that mediate the subcellular compartmentalization of sugars and phenolic glycosides. The suspension cells appear to represent a facile system for dissecting the regulation of phenolic carbon partitioning, and in turn, its effects on growth in <it>Populus</it>.</p

Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes-2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

FungalTraits:A user-friendly traits database of fungi and fungus-like stramenopiles

The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies. Over the past decades, rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats. Yet, in spite of the progress of molecular methods, knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging. In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels. Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and Fun(Fun) together with involvement of expert knowledge, we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera, respectively. This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera, designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental studies. In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses, the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences. On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1% dissimilarity threshold

Ευρετικές προσεγγίσεις του μοναδιάστατου προβλήματος πακετοποίησης

Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and non-pleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data

Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of secondary metabolites in the lichenized fungal genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae)

Molecular sequence data are used to explore the phylogenetic distribution of secondary metabolites and metabolite classes among species of Lepraria. All substance classes examined were phylogenetically widespread, except for β-orcinol meta-depsides and anthraquinones, which appeared rare and restricted to a single major clade. Benzyl esters were also found to be rare. Taxa producing each substance class examined were not monophyletic. The ability to regularly produce orcinol para-depsides, β-orcinol meta-depsides, β-orcinol depsidones, dibenzofurans, benzyl esters, terpenoids and anthraquinones appears to have been gained more than lost, while the ability to produce β-orcinol para-depsides and higher aliphatic acids has been lost more than gained. Our results suggest that chemical similarities may not necessarily indicate close phylogenetic relationships. Finally, ancestral state reconstruction at the base of genus Lepraria suggests that its ancestor produced β-orcinol para-depsides (atranorin) but did not produce orcinol para-depsides, β-orcinol meta-depsides, benzyl esters or anthraquinones. © 2008 J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung

Actin type I introns offer potential for increasing phylogenetic resolution in Asterochloris (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae)

Primers are presented to amplify an intron-containing portion of the actin type I locus from Asterochloris algae. The amount of variation and phylogenetic resolution provided by the ITS rDNA are compared with that from the actin locus. The number of variable and parsimony-informative sites within the actin locus was drastically higher than that of the ITS. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS resulted in poorly resolved trees with low support values. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses of the actin locus yielded trees with better support and resolution. It is concluded that the actin type I introns will be useful for studies investigating species concepts and population genetics. © 2006 The British Lichen Society

Dissociation and horizontal transmission of codispersing lichen symbionts in the genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae)

• Lichenized fungi of the genus Lepraria lack ascomata and conidiomata, and symbionts codisperse by soredia. Here, it is determined whether algal symbionts associated with Lepraria are monophyletic, and whether fungal and algal phylogenies are congruent, both of which are indicative of a long-term, continuous association between symbionts. • The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and part of the actin type I locus were sequenced from algae associated with Lepraria, and the fungal ITS and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) were sequenced from fungal symbionts. Phylogenetic analyses tested for monophyly of algal symbionts and congruence between algal and fungal phylogenies. • Algae associated with Lepraria were not monophyletic, and identical algae associated with different Lepraria individuals and species. Algal and fungal phylogenies were not congruent, suggesting a lack of strict codiversification. • This study suggests that associations between symbionts are not strictly maintained over evolutionary time. The ability to switch partners may provide benefits similar to genetic recombination, which may have helped this lineage persist. © The Authors (2007)

Marcelaria, um novo gênero para o grupo Laurera purpurina em Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes)

We describe the new genus Marcelaria Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen for the Laurera benguelensis group, a small lineage within Trypetheliaceae that is well-supported in molecular phylogenetic studies and features distinctive ascoma morphology. The genus is characterized by sessile, solitary to aggregate ascoma warts with broad, flat ostiolar region and often a split between the inner ascoma wall and the surrounding tissue. Three species are accepted in this genus, all previously placed in Laurera sensu lato: the neotropical and African M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, with bright red ascomata; the East Asian M. benguelensis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, with (orange-yellow) perithecia and an orange pruinose thallus, as well as inspersed hamathecium; and the East Asian M. cumingii (Mont.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, with (orange-yellow) perithecia with a broad ostiolar region and a smooth, non-pruinose thallus, also with inspersed hamathecium. All three species are illustrated and a taxonomic key is given. The pigment chemistry of the species was clarified using comparative TLC analysis.Introducimos el nuevo género Marcelaria Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, para el grupo de Laurera benguelensis, un linaje pequeño dentro de Trypetheliaceae que tiene buen soporte en estudios de filogenia molecular y una morfología distintiva de sus ascomata. El género se caracteriza por tener ascomata sésiles, solitarios a agregados, con la región ostiolar ancha y plana y frecuentemente una fisura entre la pared interior del ascoma y el tejido adyacente. Se aceptan tres especies en este género, las cuales previamente fueron incluidas en el género Laurera sensu lato: M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, una especie del Neotrópico y de África tropical con los ascomata rojo brillantes; M. benguelensis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, una especie de Asia Oriental con ascomata amarillo-anaranjados y el talo con pruina naranja y el himenio insperso; y M. cumingii (Mont.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, otra especie de Asia Oriental con ascomata amarillo-anaranjados y himenio insperso pero el talo sin pruina. Todas las especies y sus tipos son ilustradas con imágenes y se agrega una clave taxonómica. La química de los pigmentos se clarificó usando análisis de TLC comparativa.Descrevemos o novo gênero Marcelaria Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen para o grupo Laurera benguelensis, uma pequena linhagem dentro de Trypetheliaceae que é bem apoiada em estudos filogenéticos moleculares e apresenta morfologia distinta do ascoma. O gênero é caracterizado por verrugas de ascoma sésseis, solitárias a agregadas, com região ostiolar ampla e plana e, com frequência, uma divisão entre a parede interna do ascoma e o tecido circundante. Três espécies são aceitas nesse gênero, todas previamente colocadas em Laurera sensu lato: a neotropical e africana M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, com ascomas vermelhos brilhantes; a asiática M. benguelensis (Müll. Arg. ) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, com peritécio (amarelo-alaranjado) e um talo pruinoso alaranjado, bem como hamateca inspersa; e a M. cumingii (Mont.) Aptroot, Nelsen &amp; Parnmen, do leste asiático, com peritécio (amarelo-alaranjado) com uma ampla região ostiolar e um talo liso, não pruinoso, também com hamateca inspersa. Todas as três espécies são ilustradas e uma chave taxonômica é fornecida. A química do pigmento das espécies foi esclarecida por meio de análise comparativa de TLC

The phylogenetic position of Haematommataceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota), with notes on secondary chemistry and species delimitation

The phylogenetic placement of Haematommataceae was studied using newly obtained DNA sequences from nu LSU and mt SSU genes of four Haematomma species, including the type species H. ochroleucum, and a selection of Lecanoromycete taxa obtained from Genbank. The distinction of the family from taxa previously placed within Haematomma but separated on morphological and chemical evidence, such as Loxospora (Sarrameanaceae; syn. Loxosporaceae) and Ophioparma (Ophioparmaceae), is supported. The latter two families cluster outside Lecanorales, while Haematommataceae has an unsupported sister-group relationship to a clade including Lecanoraceae, Stereocaulaceae, and Cladoniaceae within Lecanorales. Placement of Haematommataceae in Lecanoraceae sensu stricto (excluding lecideoid taxa) is significantly rejected in our studies. ITS sequences support the distinction of H. accolens and H. flexuosum, which form a pair of morphologically identical chemomorphs, but do not provide conclusive evidence about species concepts based on chemical differences in this genus. © 2008 J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung