THE NATURE OF SYNONYMY: NEUTRALIZATION OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES, INTERCHANGEABILITY AND ZONES OF SEMANTIC VIBRATIONS

Background. There are various approaches to research synonyms. Among them, particular attention is paid to the concepts of neutralizing semantic differences and interchangeability of synonyms. Both are aimed at identifying synonyms and determining the possibilities of their semantic convergence? because the dictionary interpretation of synonyms, allowing you to see the positions of neutralization of the semantic differences of synonyms, and the minimum context, and allowing you to determine the positions of interchangeability of synonyms, are aimed at establishing the fact of synonymous relations between words. However, an analysis of the detailed contextual conditions for the use of synonyms shows that semantic neutralization and interchangeability are practically unattainable phenomena. In place of the expected neutralization, are observed semantic fluctuations that determine the semantic content of the context and formed zones of semantic vibrations. Purpose. The article is devoted to the definition and differentiation of the concepts of neutralization of semantic differences, interchangeability and zones of semantic vibrations, revealing the nature of synonymous relations. Results. The term “zones of semantic vibrations” allows us to consider synonyms not only as units approaching, but also as units moving away from each other. This process reveals the multidirectional nature of synonymic relations. At the end of the study, it was concluded that neutralization and interchangeability are terms that define the convergence of synonyms, while vibration zones is a term that defines their distance. The term “zones of semantic vibration” must be used to identify semantic dynamics that change from context to context, and the semantic distance between synonyms. The boundaries between two lexical units, often represent points of contact that form transitional zones, from the boundaries of one unit to the boundaries of another unit. Thus, it should be argued that synonyms that have a unique lexical meaning are not separated from each other by clear boundaries. Under certain conditions, they seem to gradually pass into each other, which makes it possible to postulate the principle of semantic continuity

Genes involved in the regulation of vascular homeostasis determine renal survival rate in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis

In this study, we analyzed association of genes of vascular homeostasis with hypertension and renal survival of CGN patients. The study sample included 238 patients with CGN and 304 healthy subjects of population control. Ten polymorphisms of ten genes of vascular homeostasis were genotyped through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and TaqMan assays. Association of the genotypes with renal survival was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier estimato

PCSK9 Antagonists: Clinical Efficacy and Main Trends in the Development of New Medicines

Scientific relevance. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia, as the pathophysiological basis of atherosclerosis, is the most important cause of CVD. Among the factors that modify this pathology, the World Health Organisation lists statins, which effectively reduce the cholesterol level. However, statin treatment compliance is not sufficient to achieve population-based lipid targets. This is a powerful stimulus for the creation of fundamentally new groups of lipid-lowering agents, in particular, antagonists of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).Aim. The study aimed to review innovative approaches to developing a new generation of lipid-lowering agents, PCSK9 antagonists, and to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and clinical potential of these medicines.Discussion. PCSK9 antagonists significantly increase the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy when combined with statins and are an effective monotherapy in patients with contraindications for statins. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, as well as inclisiran, have a favourable risk–benefit ratio. However, the high cost of commercially available PCSK9 antagonists limits their clinical use. A number of promising directions exist for developing new PCSK9 antagonists that have fundamentally different mechanisms of action, such as adnectins; genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9; combining small molecules with low molecular weight PCSK9 inhibitors; PCSK9 vaccines; and antisense oligonucleotides. Medicinal products from these groups are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical development.Conclusions. Therefore, new lipid-lowering agents can be developed by synthesising high and low molecular weight PCSK9 ligands and by altering the genetic mechanisms of PCSK9 synthesis. The innovative medicines considered in this review are highly effective, and most have shown no signs of toxicity at the pre-authorisation stage

Association of Interleukins Genes Polymorphic Markers with Speed of CGN’s Advance

The authors investigated associations of polymorphism of interleukins genes with nephritic survivance of the ill with chronic glomerulonephritis among 238 patients with CGN and 241 control group individual

Chemokines Genetic Variants are Associated with Parameters of Humoral Immunity of Patients with Chronic Glomerulonephritis

The authors researched associations of chemokines genes polymorphisms with parameters of humoral immunity of 238 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and 462 individuals of a control grou

The role of chemokine genes in the formation of terminal stage of chronic renal failure

The data on the role of chemokine genes (+1931A/T CCL4, A/G CXCL11 (rs4512021), -403A/G CCL5, C/G CCL2 (rs2857657), -801G/A CXCL12) in the formation of terminal stage of chronic renal failure, in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, is presented in the work. It was established, that the allele A CXCL11 (rs4512021) (OR = 1.65) was the marker for the development of terminal stage of chronic renal insufficiency, and the genotype GG CXCL11was a protective factor for the development of terminal stage of chronic renal failure (OR = 0.22

Studying the Impact of the genetic polymorphisms of chemokines on the arterial pressure level and kidney function in patient with the chronic glomerulonephritis

It has been established that the genetic marker А I-TAC (rs 4512021) is the risk factor for genesis of the severe arterial hypertension at the chronic glomerulonephritis (OR=1,65) and the genotypes АА and AG I-TAC are the risk factors of depression of the kidney functio