Urban Segregation on multilayered transport networks: a random walk approach

We present a novel method for analysing socio-spatial segregation in cities by considering constraints imposed by transportation networks. Using a multilayered network approach, we model the interaction probabilities of socio-economic groups with random walks and L\'evy flights. This method allows for evaluation of new transport infrastructure's impact on segregation while quantifying each network's contribution to interaction opportunities. The proposed random walk segregation index measures the probability of individuals encountering diverse social groups based on their available means of transit via random walks. The index incorporates temporal constraints in urban mobility with a parameter, $\alpha \in [0,1)$, of the probability of the random walk continuing at each time step. By applying this to a toy model and conducting a sensitivity analysis, we explore how the index changes dependent on this temporal constraint. When the parameter equals zero, the measure simplifies to an isolation index. When the parameter approaches one it represents the city's overall socio-economic distribution by mirroring the steady-state of the random walk process. Using Cuenca, Ecuador as a case study, we illustrate the method's applicability in transportation planning as a valuable tool for policymakers, addressing spatial distribution of socio-economic groups and the connectivity of existing transport networks, thus promoting equitable interactions throughout the city.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figure

An unsupervised approach to Geographical Knowledge Discovery using street level and street network images

Recent researches have shown the increasing use of machine learn-ing methods in geography and urban analytics, primarily to extract features and patterns from spatial and temporal data using a supervised approach. Researches integrating geographical processes in machine learning models and the use of unsupervised approacheson geographical data for knowledge discovery had been sparse. This research contributes to the ladder, where we show how latent variables learned from unsupervised learning methods on urbanimages can be used for geographic knowledge discovery. In particular, we propose a simple approach called Convolutional-PCA(ConvPCA) which are applied on both street level and street network images to find a set of uncorrelated and ordered visual latentcomponents. The approach allows for meaningful explanations using a combination of geographical and generative visualisations to explore the latent space, and to show how the learned representation can be used to predict urban characteristics such as streetquality and street network attributes. The research also finds that the visual components from the ConvPCA model achieves similaraccuracy when compared to less interpretable dimension reduction techniques.Comment: SigSpatial 2019 GeoA

The Caldera. No. 25 Special Edition 2022. 70 years

Especial: Instituto Caldas, 70 años de historia En las siguientes páginas, los estudiantes rinden homenaje a nuestra querida Institución, a través, especialmente, de la Palabra. Mi eterna gratitud a cada uno de ellos, jóvenes lectores, escritores, dibujantes pero, sobre todo, Caldistas de CORAZÓN: Laura Camila Herrera, Victoria Chacón Gil, María Paula Méndez, Steven Gómez Guerrero, Constanza Narváez Solano, Yatana Zea Arenas, Carolina Valencia Neira, Valery Samara Meza, Steffy Picón Carrillo y Gabriela Portilla Castellanos.Especial 70 años. Instituto Caldas 6 Reloj Solar 2021 43 IX Concurso de Lectura en Voz Alta 46 La Cuna de Excélsior 48 Equipo de Maestros 51 Perfiles Caldistas 54 Expresiones Caldistas 58 Día Caldista 98 Galería de Imágenes 103Special: Instituto Caldas, 70 years of history In the following pages, the students pay homage to our beloved Institution, especially through the Word. My eternal gratitude to each of them, young readers, writers, cartoonists but, above all, Caldistas of HEART: Laura Camila Herrera, Victoria Chacón Gil, María Paula Méndez, Steven Gómez Guerrero, Constanza Narváez Solano, Yatana Zea Arenas, Carolina Valencia Neira, Valery Samara Meza, Steffy Picón Carrillo and Gabriela Portilla Castellanos

Is the meiofauna a good indicator for climate change and anthropogenic impacts?

Our planet is changing, and one of the most pressing challenges facing the scientific community revolves around understanding how ecological communities respond to global changes. From coastal to deep-sea ecosystems, ecologists are exploring new areas of research to find model organisms that help predict the future of life on our planet. Among the different categories of organisms, meiofauna offer several advantages for the study of marine benthic ecosystems. This paper reviews the advances in the study of meiofauna with regard to climate change and anthropogenic impacts. Four taxonomic groups are valuable for predicting global changes: foraminifers (especially calcareous forms), nematodes, copepods and ostracods. Environmental variables are fundamental in the interpretation of meiofaunal patterns and multistressor experiments are more informative than single stressor ones, revealing complex ecological and biological interactions. Global change has a general negative effect on meiofauna, with important consequences on benthic food webs. However, some meiofaunal species can be favoured by the extreme conditions induced by global change, as they can exhibit remarkable physiological adaptations. This review highlights the need to incorporate studies on taxonomy, genetics and function of meiofaunal taxa into global change impact research

The ghost of the extreme right in Germany : a case study of the political parties of the extreme right in the country

En el presente trabajo busco explicar por qué los partidos de extrema derecha atacan y amenazan las instituciones internacionales donde es miembro Alemania, específicamente la Unión Europea. Para lograrlo voy a rastrear los periodos de tiempo en donde dichos partidos se han fortalecido, hallando que estos coinciden con los periodos de crisis política, económica y social mas agudos que ha vivido país. Este razonamiento me va a permitir determinar, que el fortalecimiento de los partidos de extrema derecha en Alemania responde a la percepción de debilidad del Estado tradicional, es decir, el Estado Westfaliano. Pues es, durante los momentos de crisis cuando la percepción de debilidad es mayor. Por lo tanto los partidos de extrema derecha van a atacar todo cuanto amenace la integridad del Estado. Aquí me voy a enfocar en el sistema internacional, específicamente en las instituciones internacionales como la Unión Europea, que por su nivel de integración e institucionalización afectan las dinámicas tradicionales del Estado. Para logra dicho objetivo me voy a enfocar en el los valores que defienden y promueven las instituciones internacionales y el impacto que tienen al interior de Alemania. Razonamiento que será posible gracias a la teoría del neoliberalismo institucional. En contraposición asumiré que los valores que defienden los partidos mas radicales y de extrema derecha están sustentados en el orden estatal westfaliano. De esta forma y a través del análisis del discurso podré establecer en las conclusiones del trabajo que efectivamente si existe un choque entre la extrema derecha alemana y las instituciones internacionales, y por lo tanto los partidos de extrema derecha si afectan la política exterior alemana y el proceso de integración europeo.In this paper I seek to explain why the German extreme right parties attack and threaten international institutions, specifically the European Union. To achieve this, I am going to trace the periods of time in which these parties have been strengthened, finding that they coincide with the most acute periods of political, economic and social crisis that the country has experienced. This reasoning will allow me to determine that the strengthening of the extreme right parties in Germany responds to the perception of weakness of the traditional State, that is, the Westphalian State. It is during times of crisis when the perception of weakness is greatest. Therefore, the extreme right parties are going to attack everything that threatens the integrity of the State. Here I am going to focus on the international system, specifically on international institutions such as the European Union, which, due to their level of integration and institutionalization, affect the traditional dynamics of the State. To achieve this objective, I am going to focus on the values ​​that international institutions defend and promote and the impact they have within Germany. Reasoning that will be possible thanks to the theory of institutional neoliberalism. In contrast, I will assume that the values ​​defended by the most radical and far-right parties are supported by the Westphalian state order. In this way and through the analysis of the discourse, I will be able to establish in the conclusions of the work that there is indeed a clash between the German extreme right and international institutions, and therefore the extreme right parties if they affect German foreign policy and the process. of European integration.InternacionalistaPregrad

Urban Segregation on multilayered transport networks: a random walk approach

This repository contains software to compute the segregation indices proposed in:M Neira, C Molinero, S Marshall, E Arcaute "Urban Segregation on multilayered transport networks: a random walk approach". arXivThe repository consists of a python package 'multilayer_segregation' - which contains a class definition for a multilayered transport network -a long with functions to compute different segregation indices based on normal, preferential, and levy flight random walks.Multilayered Transport NetworksConcept: A multilayered transport network is a complex model that considers different modes of transportation within a city (like buses, trains, and pedestrian paths) as interconnected layers within a single network. This approach acknowledges that the urban movement is not restricted to a single mode of transport but involves transitions between multiple modes.Importance in Segregation Studies: By analysing transport networks as multilayered systems, researchers can gain insights into how the accessibility and connectivity of different urban areas might contribute to social segregation. It allows for a more nuanced understanding of how people move within urban spaces and how this movement can either bridge or reinforce social divides.Python Package: multilayer_segregationClass Definition: The package likely includes a class that represents the multilayered transport network. This class encapsulates the properties and methods necessary to model the complex interactions and transitions between different transport layers.Functions to Compute Segregation Indices: The package provides functions to calculate various segregation indices. These indices are measures that quantify the degree of segregation in the city. The computation of these indices is based on the behavior of random walks on the network, which are used to simulate the movement of individuals within the urban environment.Types of Random WalksNormal Random Walks: This is the simplest form of random movement, where each step is taken in a random direction without any preference or memory of past steps.Preferential Random Walks: In this type, some nodes or paths in the network are more likely to be chosen than others, possibly simulating the behavior of individuals who prefer certain routes or modes of transport based on convenience, safety, or other factors.Levy Flight Random Walks: Levy flights are a type of random walk characterized by a series of short movements in a local area and occasional long jumps to distant locations. This might model the occasional longer trips individuals make outside their usual local movements.Implications and ApplicationsThe software provided in this repository can be a powerful tool for urban planners, sociologists, and geographers interested in understanding and addressing urban segregation. By using this software, researchers can:Analyse the impact of transport network design on social integration.Identify areas within cities that are particularly segregated or integrated.Propose changes to transport networks to reduce segregation.Given the complexity and novelty of the approach, users of the software would need a solid understanding of network theory, urban studies, and computational methods to effectively apply it to their research or planning projects.Dependencies:The code base requires python>=3.10 to run. The following dependencies are also required: networkx, osmnx, pandas, numpy, geopandas, shapely, matplotlib, seaborn, descartes, scipy, h3, and mapclassify. The package along with all its dependencies can be installed using the pyproject.toml provided. The code can be copied, used, modified, and redistributed under the terms of the MIT/Expat License. Please see the file LICENSE for additional details.</p

Mundo(s) en desajuste

Reseña de: Amin Maalouf, El desajuste del mundo. Cuando nuestras civilizaciones se agota

Urban segregation on multilayered transport networks: a random walk approach

Abstract We present a novel method for analysing socio-spatial segregation in cities by considering constraints imposed by transportation networks. Using a multilayered network approach, we model the interaction probabilities of socio-economic groups with random walks and Lévy flights. This method allows for evaluation of new transport infrastructure’s impact on segregation while quantifying each network’s contribution to interaction opportunities. The proposed random walk segregation index measures the probability of individuals encountering diverse social groups based on their available means of transit via random walks. The index incorporates temporal constraints in urban mobility with a parameter, $$\alpha \in [0,1)$$ α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ) , of the probability of the random walk continuing at each time step. By applying this to a toy model and conducting a sensitivity analysis, we explore how the index changes dependent on this temporal constraint. When the parameter equals zero, the measure simplifies to an isolation index. When the parameter approaches one it represents the city’s overall socio-economic distribution by mirroring the steady-state of the random walk process. Using Cuenca, Ecuador as a case study, we illustrate the method’s applicability in transportation planning as a valuable tool for policymakers, addressing spatial distribution of socio-economic groups and the connectivity of existing transport networks, thus promoting equitable interactions throughout the city

Resilience in Latin American Cities: Behaviour vs. Space quality in the Riverbanks of the Tomebamba River

New techniques that offer more reliable ways of predicting and understanding the use of the space can be valuable tools for designing resilient cities. The proposed methodology aims to generate a spatially explicit empirical basis about the behaviour of the population in different areas of the Tomebamba River in Cuenca-Ecuador -based on systematic observation, behaviour mapping using mobile data collection and spatial analysis techniques-, seeking for correlations with the connectivity, the spatial quality and the physical characteristics of the riverbanks.New techniques that offer more reliable ways of predicting and understanding the use of the space can be valuable tools for designing resilient cities. The proposed methodology aims to generate a spatially explicit empirical basis about the behaviour of the population in different areas of the Tomebamba River in Cuenca-Ecuador -based on systematic observation, behaviour mapping using mobile data collection and spatial analysis techniques-, seeking for correlations with the connectivity, the spatial quality and the physical characteristics of the riverbanks.Shangha