Evaluation of who guided pain management protocol in cases of carcinoma cervix

Background: Pain in patients with cancer cervix is a complex process that occurs from many causes. Opioids, the major class of analgesic used in management of moderate to severe pain, are usually effective and have favorable benefit to risk ratio. Morphine is the most effective and commonly used opioid in cancer pain management.Methods: Patients of cancer cervix attending the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, KRH for a period January 2016 to December 2016. 200 patients were included in the study. Pain intensity was measured by visual analogue scale.Results: Maximum number of subjects were in stage IIB (46%) followed by stage IIIB (42%). Minimum number of subjects were in stage IA and stage IVB. In stage I, 55.6% patients had mild pain, 27.8% had moderate and 16.7% patients had severe pain.  In stage II, carcinoma cervix patients 80.4% patients had moderate pain and only 12% patients had severe pain and stage III, 47.6% patients had severe pain and stage IV all patients had severe pain. Most common site for pain was lower abdomen in carcinoma cervix patients. The pain was recorded as moderate in maximum (49%) subjects followed by severe (39%). Mild pain was seen only in 12% subjects. Maximum response was seen for Step III (95.1%) while minimum for Step II (44.1%).Conclusions: Pain is a common symptom in cancer cervix patients. Morphine is most useful drug in cancer pain management. It is easily titratable and has a favorable benefit to risk ratio

Fuzzy Logic Based Hybrid Image Compression Technology

In this paper, the comparison between Hybrid Image Compressions methods and Fuzzy logic based image Compression is discussed. The Hybrid Comparison Method is a combination of both the DCT and DWT Image Compression method. When more than one compression technique are applied to compressed one image for high value of PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) and CR (compression ratio) this process is called hybrid compression technique. For reducing MSE (mean square error) and for quality enhancement of an image Fuzzy Logic is applied to same image. The proposed work is designed using MATLAB. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150515

A Comprehensive Review of Image Restoration and Noise Reduction Techniques

Images play a crucial role in modern life and find applications in diverse fields, ranging from preserving memories to conducting scientific research. However, images often suffer from various forms of degradation such as blur, noise, and contrast loss. These degradations make images difficult to interpret, reduce their visual quality, and limit their practical applications. To overcome these challenges, image restoration and noise reduction techniques have been developed to recover degraded images and enhance their quality. These techniques have gained significant importance in recent years, especially with the increasing use of digital imaging in various fields such as medical imaging, surveillance, satellite imaging, and many others. This paper presents a comprehensive review of image restoration and noise reduction techniques, encompassing spatial and frequency domain methods, and deep learning-based techniques. The paper also discusses the evaluation metrics utilized to assess the effectiveness of these techniques and explores future research directions in this field. The primary objective of this paper is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the concepts and methods involved in image restoration and noise reduction

Audit on maternal mortality in a tertiary care centre in India of 6 years, a retrospective analysis

Background: This study is carried out on 382 cases of maternal deaths from July 2010 to June 2016 at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology of tertiary centre to evaluate causes and risk factor associated with maternal deaths.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all maternal deaths occurred in department of obstetrics and gynaecology of tertiary care hospital from July 2010 to June 2016.Results: The MMR in the study period was 915/100000 live births. Maximum no. of maternal death 42.7% were in age group of 21-25 years, majority of them residing in urban area. 117 patients referred from sub-district/district hospital. 76.4% patients were registered. 60% maternal deaths were seen in postnatal period. In present study majority of maternal deaths 60% were due to indirect cause while 40% patients died due to direct cause. Major causes of maternal deaths were hypertensive disorder 12%, obstetric haemorrhage 11% tuberculosis 11%, hepatitis E 8% and pregnancy related infections 5.6%.Conclusions: High maternal mortality can be due to the fact that the study was conducted in tertiary care referral centre. Referral of moribund cases from rural, sub-district, district and peripheral hospital to our institute have inflated this mortality ratio. All of these being preventable causes of death can be avoided by improving standard of obstetric care, increasing number of health professionals, upgradation of healthcare facilities at first referral units and by making better health policies

A Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Method Using Ontology and Context Knowledge

Word Sense Disambiguation is one of the basic tasks in Natural language processing. It is the method of selecting the correct sense of the word in the given context. It is applied whenever a semantic understanding of text is needed. In order to disambiguate a word, two resources are necessary: a context in which the word has been used, and some kind of knowledge related to the word. This paper presents a method for word sense disambiguation task using a tree-matching approach. The method requires a context knowledge base containing the corpus of sentences. This paper also gives some preliminary results when a corpus containing the ambiguous words is tested on this system. Keywords: Natural Language Understanding, Word Sense Disambiguation; Tree-matching; dependent-word matchin

A case study of bowel prolapses after induced abortion

Induced abortion, the intentional termination of pregnancy, is among the most common of gynaecological procedures. Depending on country-specific abortion laws, where abortion laws are highly restrictive, abortion is unsafe leading to maternal morbidity and mortality. This is a case study of unsafe abortion. In this case a 25-year-old G3P2L2 with previous 2 normal vaginal delivery had uterine perforation with bowel prolapse through the vagina following an dilatation and curettage of a missed abortion of 7 week and 6 days in a private hospital. Following the procedure patient had severe abdominal pain and bleeding from vagina, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done. Patient came to our hospital with MRI. Patient was taken for exploratory laparotomy with uterine repair, bowel resection and anastomosis. Even though MTP Amendment act 2021 in India is liberal and government provides free contraception and abortion services by trained personnel, due to ignorance and misinformation, female often undergoes unsafe abortion. Unsafe abortion causes mild discomfort to grave injury like bowel prolapse leading to maternal death. Best preventive measure is awareness and easy accessibility

Maternal and fetal outcomes following the trial of vaginal delivery and elective repeat caesarean section in term pregnancy with one previous lower segment caesarean section in Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital: a prospective controlled study

Background: Before 1970s, the phrase “once a caesarean, always a caesarean” was a common norm. Now this phrase has been changed to “once a caesarean, always an institutional delivery”.Methods: This prospective controlled study was carried out in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Rohini, Delhi for a period of 7 months (October 19 to April 2020) and included 200 gravid women with previous one lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). The ethical committee approval for the study was taken.Results: The success rate of trial of labour after caesarean (TOLAC) in our study was 67%. It was concluded from this study that the percentage of woman having complications were maximum in failed TOLAC patients which was 69.70% followed by patients undergoing elective repeat caesarean delivery (ERCD) which was 59% followed by women having successful VBAC which was 8.96%. The percentage of neonate having complications were maximum in neonate of failed TOLAC patients which was 27.27% followed by neonate of patients undergoing ERCD which was 21% followed by neonate of women having successful VBAC which was 5.97%.Conclusions: TOLAC for a second delivery is a much-needed feasible option in developing countries to reduce the cost and morbidities of repeat caesarean deliveries

Advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report

Introduction- Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer globally with a wide geographic variation.  In India, there is a trend towards increasing incidence and delayed presentation of oral cancer as approximately 50% patients present at stage III or IV where the lower socioeconomic strata of society play a vital role.Presentation of Case A 35 years’ male reported with the complaint of rapidly increasing ulcer in mandible. Extraoral examination revealed presence of hard nodular swelling with orocutaneous perforation while on Intraoral examination an ulcero-infiltrative, indurated lesion was present. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathopathological examination after radiographic evaluation.Conclusion- Despite an improvement in diagnostic and management techniques, the age-standardized mortality rates in oral cancer are constant. This article describes a case of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring at early age with an emphasis on clinical aspects of squamous cell carcinoma