Brain Tumor Segmentation in MRI Images Using Unsupervised Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and FCM Clustering

Tumor Segmentation of MRI Brain images is still a challenging problem. The paper proposes a fast MRI Brain Image segmentation method based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm and Fuzzy-C Means (FCM) algorithm. The value in continuous gray scale interval is searched using threshold estimation. The optimal threshold value is searched with the help of ABC algorithm. In order to get an efficient fitness function for ABC algorithm the original image is decomposed by discrete wavelet transforms. Then by performing a noise reduction to the approximation image, a filtered image reconstructed with low-frequency components, is produced. The FCM algorithm is used for clustering the segmented image which helps to identify the brain tumor

Longitudinal single-cell RNA sequencing of patient-derived primary cells reveals drug-induced infidelity in stem cell hierarchy

Drug resistance is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths. Here, the authors using single cell RNA-seq of oral squamous cell carcinoma patient samples pre- and post-cisplatin treatment show that phenotypically homogenous cell populations display cell state plasticity, with poised chromatin marks at mesenchymal genes in epithelial cells, and that the loss of stem factor Sox2 but gain of Sox9 expression (with de novo gain of H3K27ac sites) is associated with drug-induced adaptation

The Indian nitrogen challenge in a global perspective. Book Chapter- The Indian Nitrogen Assessment.

Not AvailableHuman activities have massively altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle, doubling annual production of reactive N (Nr) compounds from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). The use of 120 Mt year⁻¹ fertilizer N, with a global terrestrial/atmospheric N fixation of 285Mtyear⁻¹, has provided huge benefits for global food production. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of the world food system is only -15%. The lost Nr creates a cascade of air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, until it is eventually denitrified back to N2.India clearly illustrates a dual N challenge for food and environment, consuming 17Mt of N fertilizer annually (14% of the global total), which has increased since 1970 at 6% year⁻¹ approximately. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from combustion sources are also increasing rapidly at 6.5% year⁻¹ currently. By comparison, population growth rate is lower (2% year⁻¹), while ammonia (NH3) emission increase is even less (1%), pertaining to smaller changes in livestock numbers. At current rate, Indian NOx emissions will exceed NH3 emissions by 2055. India currently loses Nr worth US$10billionyear⁻¹ as fertilizer value, while costs of Nr to health, ecosystems, and climate are estimated at US$75 (38-151) billion year⁻¹.Only a small fraction of the Indian population consumes animal products, hence per capita Nr use and pollution is much less than in many developed countries. However, rates of meat consumption are increasing. While published projections from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization anticipate a doubling of South Asian fertilizer consumption from 2006 to 2050 (equivalent to 1.9% year⁻¹ increase), these projections lack transparency and require reevaluation. In practice, the future nitrogen cycle for India will depend on scientific advances in agronomy, genetics and environment, and the extent to which government and society grasp the emerging opportunities for optimizing N management.Not Availabl