Civilization problems in socio-political science

The article analyzes the civilization paradigms in contemporary social and political science. Regularities of the civilization approach to the historical process were researched systematically and the features of the materialist, cultural and historical trends in the theory of civilizations were studied. In particular, the essence of the concept of global and local civilization was analyzed. The historical role of communities of people i.e. civilization in the modern world was described on the basis of the analysis of globalization processes and political changes in today’s world.У статті здійснено аналіз цивілізаційних парадигм у сучасній суспільно-політичній науці. Системно досліджено закономірності цивілізаційного підходу до історичного процесу, вивчено особливості матеріалістичного та культурно- історичного напряму в теорії цивілізацій. Зокрема, проаналізовано сутність поняття глобальна та локальна цивілізація. На основі аналізу процесів глобалізації та політичних змін в сучасному світі дана характеристика ролі історичних спільнот людей – цивілізацій у сучасному світі.В статье осуществлен анализ цивилизационных парадигм в современной общественно-политической науке. Системно исследованы закономерности цивилизационного подхода к историческому процессу, изучено особенности материалистического и культурно-исторического направления в теории цивилизаций. Проанализирована сущность понятия глобальная и локальная цивилизация. На основе анализа процессов глобализации и политических изменений в современном мире дана характеристика роли исторических общностей людей – цивилизаций в современном мире

Infectiousness of the human population to Anopheles arabiensis by direct skin feeding in an area hypoendemic for malaria in Senegal.

Direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. We determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in Senegal. Gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). Of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected ≥ 1 Anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. Of all individuals who were gametocyte negative by microscopy, 4.3% (7 of 162) infected ≥ 1 mosquito and 0.4% (12 of 3240) of mosquitoes became infected. The 18.2% (12 of 66) of all mosquito infections was a result of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and two individuals without asexual parasites or gametocytes by microscopy were infectious to mosquitoes. When infectivity and local demography was taken into account, children 5-14 years of age contributed 50.8% of the human infectious reservoir for malaria. Adults and submicroscopic gametocyte carriers may contribute considerably to onward malaria transmission in our setting

Application of geographically-weighted regression analysis to assess risk factors for malaria hotspots in Keur Soce health and demographic surveillance site.

BACKGROUND: In Senegal, considerable efforts have been made to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality during the last decade. This resulted in a marked decrease of malaria cases. With the decline of malaria cases, transmission has become sparse in most Senegalese health districts. This study investigated malaria hotspots in Keur Soce sites by using geographically-weighted regression. Because of the occurrence of hotspots, spatial modelling of malaria cases could have a considerable effect in disease surveillance. METHODS: This study explored and analysed the spatial relationships between malaria occurrence and socio-economic and environmental factors in small communities in Keur Soce, Senegal, using 6 months passive surveillance. Geographically-weighted regression was used to explore the spatial variability of relationships between malaria incidence or persistence and the selected socio-economic, and human predictors. A model comparison of between ordinary least square and geographically-weighted regression was also explored. Vector dataset (spatial) of the study area by village levels and statistical data (non-spatial) on malaria confirmed cases, socio-economic status (bed net use), population data (size of the household) and environmental factors (temperature, rain fall) were used in this exploratory analysis. ArcMap 10.2 and Stata 11 were used to perform malaria hotspots analysis. RESULTS: From Jun to December, a total of 408 confirmed malaria cases were notified. The explanatory variables-household size, housing materials, sleeping rooms, sheep and distance to breeding site returned significant t values of -0.25, 2.3, 4.39, 1.25 and 2.36, respectively. The OLS global model revealed that it explained about 70 % (adjusted R(2) = 0.70) of the variation in malaria occurrence with AIC = 756.23. The geographically-weighted regression of malaria hotspots resulted in coefficient intercept ranging from 1.89 to 6.22 with a median of 3.5. Large positive values are distributed mainly in the southeast of the district where hotspots are more accurate while low values are mainly found in the centre and in the north. CONCLUSION: Geographically-weighted regression and OLS showed important risks factors of malaria hotspots in Keur Soce. The outputs of such models can be a useful tool to understand occurrence of malaria hotspots in Senegal. An understanding of geographical variation and determination of the core areas of the disease may provide an explanation regarding possible proximal and distal contributors to malaria elimination in Senegal

No Difference in the Incidence of Malaria in Human-Landing Mosquito Catch Collectors and Non-Collectors in a Senegalese Village with Endemic Malaria

International audienceBackground The human landing catches is the gold standard method used to study the vectors of malaria and to estimate their aggressiveness. However, this method has raised safety concerns due to a possible increased risk of malaria or other mosquito-borne diseases among the mosquito collectors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of malaria attacks among mosquito collectors and to compare these results with those of non-collectors in a Senegalese village. Methods From July 1990 to December 2011, a longitudinal malaria study involving mosquito collectors and non-collectors was performed in Dielmo village, Senegal. During the study period, 4 drugs were successively used to treat clinical malaria, and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets were offered to all villagers in July 2008. No malaria chemoprophylaxis was given to mosquito collectors. Incidence of uncomplicated clinical malaria and asymptomatic malaria infection were analyzed among these two groups while controlling for confounding factors associated with malaria risk in random effects negative binomial and logistic regression models, respectively. Results A total of 3,812 person-trimester observations of 199 adults at least 15 years of age were analyzed. Clinical malaria attacks accounted for 6.3% both in collectors and non-collectors, and asymptomatic malaria infections accounted for 21% and 20% in collectors and non-collectors, respectively. A non-significant lower risk of malaria was observed in the collector group in comparison with the non-collector group after adjusting for other risk factors of malaria and endemicity level (Clinical malaria: adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.65-1.22; p= 0.47). Conclusion Being a mosquito collector in Dielmo was not significantly associated with an increased risk of malaria both under holoendemic, mesoendemic and hypoendemic conditions of malaria epidemiology. This result supports the view that HLC, the most accurate method for evaluating malaria transmission, may be used without health concerns in Dielmo

Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift.

The evolution and spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms amongst malaria vectors across the sub-Saharan Africa threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of current insecticide-based vector control interventions. However, a successful insecticide resistance management plan relies strongly on evidence of historical and contemporary mechanisms circulating. This study aims to retrospectively determine the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms among natural Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Senegal. Samples were randomly drawn from an existing mosquito sample, collected in 2013, 2017, and 2018 from 10 sentinel sites monitored by the Senegalese National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Molecular species of An. gambiae s.l. and the resistance mutations at the Voltage-gated Sodium Channel 1014 (Vgsc-1014) locus were characterised using PCR-based assays. The genetic diversity of the Vgsc gene was further analyzed by sequencing. The overall species composition revealed the predominance of Anopheles arabiensis (73.08%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (14.48%), Anopheles coluzzii (10.94%) and Anopheles gambiae-coluzii hybrids (1.48%). Both Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations were found in all studied populations with a spatial variation of allele frequencies from 3% to 90%; and 7% to 41%, respectively. The two mutations have been detected since 2013 across all the selected health districts, with Vgsc-L1014S frequency increasing over the years while Vgsc-1014F decreasing. At species level, the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S alleles were more frequent amongst An. gambiae s.s. (70%) and An. arabiensis (20%). The Vgsc gene was found to be highly diversified with eight different haplotypes shared between Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S. The observed co-occurrence of Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon amongst malaria vector populations, and the NMCP needs to address this issue to sustain the gain made in controlling malaria

Influence of insecticide resistance on the biting and resting preferences of malaria vectors in the Gambia.

BACKGROUND: The scale-up of indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets, together with other interventions have considerably reduced the malaria burden in The Gambia. This study examined the biting and resting preferences of the local insecticide-resistant vector populations few years following scale-up of anti-vector interventions. METHOD: Indoor and outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected between July and October 2019 from ten villages in five regions in The Gambia using pyrethrum spray collection (indoor) and prokopack aspirator from pit traps (outdoor). Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to identify molecular species, insecticide resistance mutations, Plasmodium infection rate and host blood meal. RESULTS: A total of 844 mosquitoes were collected both indoors (421, 49.9%) and outdoors (423, 50.1%). Four main vector species were identified, including An. arabiensis (indoor: 15%, outdoor: 26%); An. coluzzii (indoor: 19%, outdoor: 6%), An. gambiae s.s. (indoor: 11%, outdoor: 16%), An. melas (indoor: 2%, outdoor: 0.1%) and hybrids of An. coluzzii-An. gambiae s.s (indoors: 3%, outdoors: 2%). A significant preference for outdoor resting was observed in An. arabiensis (Pearson X2 = 22.7, df = 4, P<0.001) and for indoor resting in An. coluzzii (Pearson X2 = 55.0, df = 4, P<0.001). Prevalence of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc)-1014S was significantly higher in the indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.78-1, P = 0.03) than outdoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76-0.87) An. arabiensis population. For An. coluzzii, the prevalence of most mutation markers was higher in the outdoor (allele freq. = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.81-0.98) than indoor-resting (allele freq. = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.56-0.86) mosquitoes. However, in An. gambiae s.s., the prevalence of Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1575Y and GSTe2-114T was high (allele freq. = 0.96-1), but did not vary by resting location. The overall sporozoite positivity rate was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5-2%) in mosquito populations. Indoor-resting An. coluzzii had mainly fed on human blood while indoor-resting An. arabiensis fed on animal blood. CONCLUSION: In this study, high levels of resistance mutations were observed that could be influencing the mosquito populations to rest indoors or outdoors. The prevalent animal-biting behaviour demonstrated in the mosquito populations suggest that larval source management could be an intervention to complement vector control in this setting

Distribution of Anopheles gambiae thioester-containing protein 1 alleles along malaria transmission gradients in The Gambia.

BACKGROUND: Thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) is a highly polymorphic gene playing an important role in mosquito immunity to parasite development and associated with Anopheles gambiae vectorial competence. Allelic variations in TEP1 could render mosquito either susceptible or resistant to parasite infection. Despite reports of TEP1 genetic variations in An. gambiae, the correlation between TEP1 allelic variants and transmission patterns in malaria endemic settings remains unclear. METHODS: TEP1 allelic variants were characterized by PCR from archived genomic DNA of > 1000 An. gambiae mosquitoes collected at 3 time points between 2009 and 2019 from eastern Gambia, where malaria transmission remains moderately high, and western regions with low transmission. RESULTS: Eight common TEP1 allelic variants were identified at varying frequencies in An. gambiae from both transmission settings. These comprised the wild type TEP1, homozygous susceptible genotype, TEP1s; homozygous resistance genotypes: TEP1rA and TEP1rB, and the heterozygous resistance genotypes: TEP1srA, TEP1srB, TEP1rArB and TEP1srArB. There was no significant disproportionate distribution of the TEP1 alleles by transmission setting and the temporal distribution of alleles was also consistent across the transmission settings. TEP1s was the most common in all vector species in both settings (allele frequencies: East = 21.4-68.4%. West = 23.5-67.2%). In Anopheles arabiensis, the frequency of wild type TEP1 and susceptible TEP1s was significantly higher in low transmission setting than in high transmission setting (TEP1: Z = - 4.831, P < 0.0001; TEP1s: Z = - 2.073, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of TEP1 allele variants does not distinctly correlate with malaria endemicity pattern in The Gambia. Further studies are needed to understand the link between genetic variations in vector population and transmission pattern in the study settings. Future studies on the implication for targeting TEP1 gene for vector control strategy such as gene drive systems in this settings is also recommended

Evidence of multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae populations in Bangui, Central African Republic

Number of Anopheles (%) tested by bioassays in seven sites of Bangui, Central African Republic by using WHO test kits for adult mosquitoes. Six insecticides of technical grade were used, including two pyrethroids (deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin), one carbamate (bendiocarb), two organophosphates (fenitrothion and malathion) and one organochlorine (DDT). (XLSX 15 kb

Cancer de la prostate au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristidie Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidemiologiques sur les cinq dernières années: Prostate cancer in Aristide Le Dantec hospital of Dakar: epidemiological aspects over the last five years

Context and objective. Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer during the last five years in Aristide Le Decantec hospital of Dakar.&nbsp;Methods. it’s a retrospective and descriptive study involving 5 last years including all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer. The studied parameters were: prevalence, incidence, age, clinical stage, lethality and death rate.&nbsp;Results. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled. The prevalence of prostate cancer during the study period was 0.8%. Depending on the stage, metastatic cancer was the most common form with 45.9% of cases. The new cases were 199 with an average of 39.8 per year. The total incidence of prostate cancer over the study period was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients at the diagnosis time was 68.6 ± 9.2 years. The lethality was 0.5%. The global death rate was 0.9 ‰. The specific death rate was 0.9‰. The annual mortality rate was higher in 2017 (36.4%) compared to other years. Depending on the stage, the death rate was higher in metastatic stages patients.&nbsp;Conclusion. The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in our medical center. Metastatic forms remain more common with higher death rate. Early detection campaigns for prostate cancer should be considered. Contexte et objectif. Le cancer de la prostate représente un enjeu majeur de santé publique et mais il reste très peu documenté en Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques du cancer de la prostate sur les 5 dernières années dans notre centre.&nbsp;Méthodes. Il s’agissait d’une étude documentaire et descriptive sur 5 ans ayant colligé les dossiers de tous les patients avec cancer de la prostate histologiquement confirmé. Les paramètres étudiés étaient : la prévalence, l’incidence, l’âge, le stade clinique, la létalité et la mortalité.&nbsp;Résultats. Deux cent trente-trois patients ont été retenus. La prévalence du cancer de la prostate durant la période étudiée était de 0,8%. En fonction du stade, le stade de cancer métastatique était prépondérant (45,9%). Les nouveaux cas étaient de 199, soit une moyenne de 39,8 nouveaux cas par an. L’incidence totale du cancer de la prostate sur la période étudiée était de 0,7%. L’âge moyen des patients au moment du diagnostic était de 68,6 ± 9,2 ans. Le taux létalité était de 0,5%. La mortalité globale était de 0,9‰. Le taux de mortalité annuelle était plus important en 2017 (36,4%) en comparaison aux autres années étudiées. En fonction du stade, le taux de mortalité était plus important pour les stades métastatiques.&nbsp;Conclusion. L’incidence du cancer de la prostate est en augmentation dans notre centre. Les formes métastatiques restent prédominantes assombrissant le pronostic vital. Des campagnes de dépistage précoce du cancer de la prostate sont à envisager

A survey of Anopheles species composition and insecticide resistance on the island of Bubaque, Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau.

BACKGROUND: Bubaque is the most populous island of the Bijagos archipelago, a group of malaria-endemic islands situated off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Malaria vector control on Bubaque relies almost exclusively on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, there is little information on local vector bionomics and insecticide resistance. METHODS: A survey of mosquito species composition was performed at the onset of the wet season (June/July) and the beginning of the dry season (November/December). Sampling was performed using indoor adult light-traps and larval dipping. Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species level and assessed for kdr allele frequency by TaqMan PCR. Females were analysed for sporozoite positivity by CSP-ELISA. Resistance to permethrin and α-cypermethrin was measured using the CDC-bottle bioassay incorporating the synergist piperonyl-butoxide. RESULTS: Several Anopheles species were found on the island, all belonging to the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) complex, including An. gambiae sensu stricto, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles melas, and An. gambiae/An. coluzzii hybrids. Endophagic Anopheles species composition and abundance showed strong seasonal variation, with a majority of An. gambiae (50% of adults collected) caught in June/July, while An. melas was dominant in November/December (83.9% of adults collected). Anopheles gambiae had the highest sporozoite rate in both seasons, with infection rates of 13.9% and 20% in June/July and November/December, respectively. Moderate frequencies of the West African kdr allele were found in An. gambiae (36%), An. coluzzii (35%), An. gambiae/An. coluzzii hybrids (42%). Bioassays suggest moderate resistance to α-cypermethrin, but full susceptibility to permethrin. CONCLUSIONS: The island of Bubaque maintained an An. gambiae s.l. population in both June/July and November/December. Anopheles gambiae was the primary vector at the onset of the wet season, while An. melas is likely to be responsible for most dry season transmission. There was moderate kdr allele frequency and synergist assays suggest likely metabolic resistance, which could reduce the efficacy of LLINs. Future control of malaria on the islands should consider the seasonal shift in mosquito species, and should employ continuous monitoring for insecticide resistance