The Incorporation of Entrepreneurship in Black Economic Empowerment Programmes in South Africa

Entrepreneurship is sometimes seen as a process of few peoples. Although some persons have innate abilities as entrepreneurs, many can also develop this capacity in their life through a learning process. At the heart of entrepreneurship is the creation and/or recognition of opportunities. Therefore, entrepreneurship can help disposed people to change their social life, from poverty to wealth. On the other hand, Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a policy aimed at empowering previously disadvantaged people in South Africa. Therefore, what is the link between BEE and entrepreneurship? The history of the United States could assist us in explaining how entrepreneurship can contribute to job creation and change the lives of millions of people in South Africa. How this can be achieved? How can entrepreneurial mindset be implemented among the black population? These questions and others are going to ground the paper. This paper will explain why to focus on entrepreneurship as a remedy to improving black s' lives and reduce poverty. The paper will develop definitively, entrepreneurship as an alternative way of implementing BEE in an entrepreneurial context. Some recommendations will be given for an effective and efficient implementation of entrepreneurship within BEE programmes

BIOACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CAMEROON AND THEIR COMBINATION AGAINST INFANT DIARRHEA INDUCED BY BACTERIA

Background: In Cameroon, one of the most common childhood illnesses after malaria is diarrhea, which generally has a bacterial origin. In rural areas, plant utilization is often one of the first ways of treatment though, with no scientific bases. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of nine essential oils (EOs) of Cameroonian plants and their combinations against some strains responsible for diarrhea. Material and Methods: To determine the bacterial species generally involved in childhood diarrheal infections, a retrospective study was done. The EOs of Eucalyptus globulus, Cymbopogon citratus, Xylopia aethiopica, Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum canum, Cananga odorata, Citrus medica, Citrus paradisi and Citrus reticulata were screened against the most incriminated bacterial species using the spot-on-agar test and microdilution methods. Some of the EOs with good antibacterial activity were analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. According to their composition, Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus globulus EOs were combined with that of Cymbopogon citratus using the ratios 2/1; 1/1; 1/2 (w/w) and tested against on bacterial growth. Results: The retrospective study showed that 10.8% of infant diarrhea was caused by Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella paratyphimurium. The Minimum inhibition Concentrations (MIC) of single EOs was between 0.78 and 25 mg/mL which were observed to be greater than those of their combinations which ranged between 0.195 and 6.52 mg/mL. The active essential oils contained mainly hydrocarbonated and oxygenated monoterpens. Conclusion: The good antibacterial effects of two Thymus combinations Th1 and Th2 observed on Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella paratyphimurium suggest their used in aromatherapy to cure bacterial diarrhea

Antitubercular evaluation of root extract and isolated phytochemicals from Lophira lanceolata against two resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Context: The roots of Lophira lanceolata Van Tiegh. Ex Keay (Ochnaceae) have numerous medicinal values in the Central African region. Even though the MeOH extract of the roots has shown antimycobacterial activities, the constituents responsible for this inhibitory activity remain unknown.Objective: Phytochemical investigation of the MeOH root extract of L. lanceolata and determination of the antimycobacterial activities of that extract and constituents against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Materials and methods: Column chromatography was used to provide bioactive phytoconstituents. Those compounds were elucidated using MS and NMR spectroscopic data. Antimycobacterial screening of the extract (4.882– 5000 µg/mL in DMSO during 24 h at 37 °C) and isolated compounds (0.244–250 µg/mL in DMSO during 24 h at 37 °C) was performed by microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) against two mycobacterial strains.Results: The investigation of L. lanceolata MeOH roots extract provided of mixture of unseparated biflavonoids with a newly described one, dihydrolophirone A (1a) associated to lophirone A (1b). The bioactive compounds that effectively inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis AC45 were found to be compounds 1 and 2. They exhibited MIC values of 31.25 and 15.75 µg/mL, respectively, and their MIC was found to be 62.5 µg/mL against resistant strain AC83.Discussion and conclusions: It is clearly evident from the results obtained that the mycobacterial activity of L. lanceolata could be related mainly to its steroid and flavonoid contents. Therefore, this study suggests the potential of the above- mentioned classes of compounds as promising candidate agents for developing new anti-tuberculosis drugs

In vitro antitubercular activity of extract and constituents from the stem bark of Disthemonanthus benthamianus

A new C-glycosylflavone, apigenin 7-methyl ether 6-C-[β-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-β- glucopyranoside] named distemonanthoside was isolated from the stem bark of Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill., Fabaceae, along with six known compounds, sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxygallic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, 6″- O-acetylvitexin, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. The structures of those compounds and others were determined through spectral analyses. Compounds distemonanthoside, sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 4-methoxygallic acid and quercetin were tested against a clinical isolate strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AC 45; they exhibited good to moderate antitubercular activities with MIC values ranged from 31.25 to 125μg/ml

Rauvolfianine, a new antimycobacterial glyceroglycolipid and other constituents from Rauvolfia caffra. Sond (Apocynaceae)

The chemical investigation of the extract of the dried leaves of Rauvolfia caffra (Sond) (synonym Rauvolfia macrophylla) (Apocynaceae) led to isolation of a new glycoside derivative, rauvolfianine (1) as well as six known compounds: oleanolic acid (2), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), betulinic acid (4), vellosimine (5), sarpagine (6) and D-fructofuranosyl-β-(2→1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (7). Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 were evaluated for antitubercular activity. Compounds 1 and 2 were the most active (MIC = 7.8125 and 31.25 μg/mL) towards the Isoniazid resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis AC45. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by spectroscopic methods

Secondary metabolites from Triclisia gilletii (De Wild) Staner (Menispermaceae) with antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Triclisinone (2), a new ochnaflavone derivative, was isolated from the aerial parts of Triclisia gilletii, along with known drypemolundein B (1) and eight other known compounds. The chemical shifts of drypemolundein B (1) have been partially revised based on reinterpretation of NMR spectroscopic data. The eight other secondary metabolites are composed of: (+)-nonacosan-10-ol (3); stigmasterol (4), 3-O-β-D- glucopyranosylsitosterol (5), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylstigmasterol (6); oleanic acid (7); myricetin (8), quercetin (9) and 3-methoxyquercetin (10). Their structures were elucidated using IR, MS, NMR 1D and 2D, 1H and 13C and comparison with literature data. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 and the crude extract were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds 1, 2, 8 and 9 displayed moderate to very good activity against resistant strain (codified AC 45) of M. tuberculosis with minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs ranging from 3.90 to 62.5 μg/mL