FOOD PROCESSORS' LOBBYING ACTIVITY AND FARM POLICY

This study tests the hypothesis that lobbying by food firms does not contravene United States farm policy, particularly commodity programs. The research is important in the analysis and understanding of the difficulties of designing and reforming agricultural policies. If farm programs significantly benefit downstream food firms, there is effectively no countervailing power to the farm lobby because (1) farm input supply and marketing firms have been shown to benefit from existing farm policies - and have therefore no incentive to lobby against the policies - and (2) consumers and taxpayers, two important stakeholders in agricultural policies, are known to be quite inefficient in lobbying due to their "large-group" characteristics. Information on food firms' total lobbying expenditure is combined with the behavioral assumption of profit maximization to generate an econometric model of lobbying expenditure allocation by food firms. The model is used to carry out the test. The results indicate that food firms do not lobby to influence agricultural commodity markets. The ultimate implication is that the food processing sector of the agribusiness sector has no serious incentive to act as a countervailing power to the farm lobby in the forming or reforming of agricultural policy. Thus, attempts to reform agricultural policies will be resisted by a coalition of agribusiness and the farm sector. A limitation of the study is that the hypothesis test does not separate agricultural commodities from other inputs to food firms. However, because agricultural commodities constitute almost half of the food firms' overall input costs, the test provides evidence about lobbying for agricultural policies.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy,

NONTARIFF TRADE MEASURES ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE OECD COUNTRIES AS MEASURED BY THE UNITED NATIONS: AN EXPLORATION OF THE UNCTAD-TCM DATABASE

International Relations/Trade,

COUNSELING SERVICES AND JUVENILE DELINQUENT BEHAVIORS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, IN ST. KIZITO HIGH SCHOOL NAMUGONGO, WAKISO- UGANDA.

Background: The study was carried out on “Counseling Services and Juvenile Delinquent Behaviors among Secondary School Students, in St. Kizito High School.” Specific study objectives were; to establish the level of counseling services, to determine the level of juvenile delinquent behavior among students, and to examine the relationship between guidance/counseling services and juvenile delinquent behavior among students in St. Kizito High School. Methodology: Descriptive and correlation research designs guided by both quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches were used. Data was gathered randomly from 133 (100% response rate) students of St. Kizito High School through a questionnaire and 2 (key informants with an interview guide. Results: Generally, objective one results indicate a moderate aggregate mean of 3.22 and standard deviation of 0.799 which imply that there is a moderate level of counseling services in St. Kizito High School. Generally, objective two results indicate a high grand mean of 3.43 and standard deviation of 0.74 which imply that there is a high level of juvenile delinquent behavior among students of St. Kizito High School. Generally, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between peer counseling and juvenile delinquent behavior among students in St. Kizito High School ((r (133) = (b = 0.556, p = 0.000<0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between school guidance counseling (r (132) = (b = 0.107, p = 0.165> 0.05), family therapy counseling (r (133) = (b = -.073, p = 0.324> 0.05) and juvenile delinquent behavior among students in St Kizito High School. Recommendation : The government should ensure that each school has a qualified counselor or counselors to provide guidance and counseling services to students at school. Parents of high school students should spend more time with their children and always offer family therapy counseling

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS BY FOOD MANUFACTURING FIRMS ON U.S. FARM POLICY

This study generates an econometric model of the allocation of political contributions by food firms. It combines information about food firms' total expenditures for political influence with the behavioral assumption of profit maximization to test the hypothesis that food manufacturing firms do not lobby against farm policies. The results support the hypothesis. The inferences are conditional on the effects observed in the sample. The conclusions from this analysis may not be widely generalizable, but they do inform hypotheses about the intentions of food firms that participate in the political market.agribusiness, agricultural commodity programs, farm policy, food manufacturers, lobbying, political contributions, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agribusiness,

Religious and Cultural Foundation of Reconciliation: The “Truth and Reconciliation Commission” in South Africa as a Suitable Model for Rwanda and Burundi

The problem this thesis tackles is the difficult cohabitation between two ethnic groups found in Rwanda and in Burundi, namely Hutus and Tutsis. From the time of Independence, these two countries have known different tragedies, conflicts, lack of tolerance and exclusion of the other because of a gradual loss of deep cultural values that had sustained commonality and mutual respect for many years in both countries. The colonial rule and missionaries have contributed to the exacerbation of differences between Hutus and Tutsis by neglecting or erasing those values. Violations of human rights and genocidal acts that the history has recorded in those countries are rooted in that loss. The experience of South Africa through the work of the “Truth and Reconciliation Commission” which succeeded in bringing together South Africans, whites and blacks, can be tremendously inspiring for Rwanda and Burundi. The success of the South African’s process lay in the taking into account, in a harmonious way, of religious considerations of forgiveness and reconciliation with the African jurisprudence of Ubuntu which supports togetherness, harmony, inclusiveness rather than separateness or apartness. In the same way, Burundi and Rwanda whose populations are in their majority Christians can take advantage of this model of reconciliation especially because they have values that are close in meaning and effectiveness to the value of Ubuntu, values that need to be retrieved for a better future of these countries

Planification familiale et dividende démographique : le cas du Burundi

Au Burundi, le premier programme de planification familiale a vu le jour en 1983 et, à cette époque, ses indicateurs démographiques étaient alarmants. Le pays s’attendait alors à savourer plus tard les avantages du dividende démographique. Quatre décennies après, il sied de souligner que ces indicateurs n’ont pas significativement bougé malgré les efforts consentis. L’objectif de cet article est donc de chercher à savoir pourquoi ces indicateurs socio-démographiques n’ont pas évolué comme ailleurs car, l’Indice Synthétique de Fécondité (ISF) reste parmi les plus élevés du continent (5,5 enfants par femme). Pour mener à bien cette étude, une analyse approfondie des données secondaires présentées en termes de pourcentage, a été faite en se servant des données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) de 1987, 2010 et de 2016-2017 et des projections démographiques de 2010-2050. En essayant de dégager les causes profondes de ces indicateurs qui n’évoluent pas de façon notable, nous nous sommes rendu compte que le pays est très loin de franchir le cap de la Révolution Contraceptive (60 à 85%) des femmes mariées ou vivant maritalement, son  niveau d’utilisation de la contraception moderne n’étant que de 23% en 2017. Cela  constitue un véritable frein au développement socio-économique du pays. Des facteurs liés à la mentalité, à la religion, des facteurs socio-historico-culturels expliqueraient la faible adoption des méthodes contraceptives et le taux de fécondité qui reste parmi les plus élevés du continent. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, le Gouvernement du Burundi devrait tout faire pour augmenter la demande en planification familiale, réduire de moitié le nombre d’enfants par femme et allouer des ressources propres pour compléter le financement des programmes de planification familiale jugé insuffisant.   Burundi's first family planning program was launched in 1983, at a time when its demographic indicators were alarming. At the time, the country expected to reap the benefits of the demographic dividend at a later date. Four decades on, it is worth pointing out that these indicators have not changed significantly despite the efforts made. The aim of this article is therefore to find out why these socio-demographic indicators have not evolved as they have elsewhere, given that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) remains one of the highest on the continent (5.5 children per woman). To carry out this study, an in-depth analysis of the secondary data, presented in percentage terms, was carried out using data from the 1987, 2010 and 2016-2017 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and the 2010-2050 population projections. In trying to identify the underlying causes of these indicators, which are not changing significantly, we realised that the country is a long way from reaching the milestone of the Contraceptive Revolution (60 to 85%) of women who are married or living in a marital relationship, with only 23% using modern contraception in 2017. This is a real brake on the country's socio-economic development. Factors linked to mentality, religion and socio-historical and cultural factors explain the low uptake of contraceptive methods and the fertility rate, which remains among the highest on the continent. In view of the above, the Government of Burundi should do everything in its power to increase demand for family planning, halve the number of children per woman and allocate its own resources to supplement funding for family planning programs, which is deemed insufficient

Planification Familiale et Dividende Démographique : le cas du Burundi

Au Burundi, le premier programme de planification familiale a vu le jour en 1983 et, à cette époque, ses indicateurs démographiques étaient alarmants. Le pays s’attendait alors à savourer plus tard les avantages du dividende démographique. Quatre décennies après, il sied de souligner que ces indicateurs n’ont pas bougé d’un iota malgré les efforts consentis. L’objectif de cette étude est donc de chercher à savoir pourquoi ces indicateurs démographiques n’ont pas évolué comme ailleurs car, l’Indice Synthétique de Fécondité (ISF) reste parmi les plus élevés du continent. Pour mener à bien cette étude, des analyses descriptives des données secondaires présentées en terme de proportion ou de pourcentage, ont été faites en se servant des données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) de 1987, 2010 et de 2016-2017 et des projections démographiques de 2010-2050. En essayant de décortiquer les raisons ou les causes profondes de ces indicateurs qui n’évoluent pas de façon notable, nous nous sommes rendu compte que le pays est très loin de franchir le cap de la Révolution Contraceptive (60 à 85%) des femmes mariées ou vivant maritalement), son  niveau d’utilisation de la contraception moderne n’étant que de 23% en 2017. Cela  constitue un véritable frein au développement socio-économique du pays. Des facteurs liés à la mentalité, à la religion, des facteurs socio-historico-culturels expliqueraient la faible adoption des méthodes contraceptives et le taux de fécondité qui reste parmi les plus élevés du continent.    Burundi's first family planning program was launched in 1983, at a time when its demographic indicators were alarming. The country expected to reap the benefits of the demographic dividend later. Four decades on, these indicators have not yet changed, despite the efforts made. The aim of this study is therefore to find out why these demographic indicators have not evolved as they have elsewhere, as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) remains among the highest on the continent. To carry out this study, descriptive analysis of secondary data, presented in terms of proportion or percentage, was carried out using data from the 1987, 2010, and 2016-2017 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and 2010-2050 population projections.  In trying to unpack the reasons or root causes of these indicators, which are not evolving in any noticeable way, we realized that the country is a long way from reaching the milestone of the Contraceptive Revolution (60 to 85% of women married or living in a marital relationship), its level of modern contraceptive use being just 23% in 2017. This is a real hindrance to the country's socio-economic development. Factors linked to mentality, religion, and socio-historico-cultural factors explain the low adoption of contraceptive methods and the fertility rate, which remains among the highest on the continent. &nbsp

Development of Therapeutic Massage and Excercise Model for Back Musculoskeletal Disorders Rehabilitation

Back Musculoskeletal disorders commonly occur in the workplace and improper lifestyle. Back musculoskeletal therapeutics programs have been carried out, but they are still ineffective. This research aimed to develop a therapeutic massage and excercise model for back musculoskeletal disorders, to validate the developed model, and test the effectiveness of the therapeutic massage and exercise model for back musculoskeletal disorders. The research method was Research dan Development (R&D). This research has three steps: the first stage was a narrative literature review with international journals and textbooks as the research sample, a data collective technic using download documents, with thematic qualitative data analysis. The second stage was the feasibility study with expert judgement and a massage therapist. The instrument used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale from 1 to 4, data analysis using the Aiken formula. Field trials used massage therapist subjects, and the instrument used was a questionnaire and data analysis using qualitative. The third stage was the pre-experimental research with 24 subjects (5 males and 19 females), aged between 28-62, who were suffering from back musculoskeletal injuries: the instruments were a goniometer to assess the range of motion (ROM), sit-ups, and leg press to assess strength. Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon analysis. The results showed that the developed program had been validated with an Aiken score of more than 0.82, strong validation, and an intra-reliability of 0.84 with Cronbach's Alpha Small and large trials showed a strong mean of 95% in terms of accuracy, safety, and feasibility of the developed program. The effectiveness test showed an enormously significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of the tested variables with a P Value<0.05

Nurse and Midwife Educators\u27 Experiences of Translating Teaching Methodology Knowledge into Practice in Rwanda

Nurse and midwife educators play a vital role in nursing and midwifery students’ development pre-graduation by enabling them to gain essential competencies in caring for mothers, newborns, and infants. In 2017, to enhance the quality of pre-service education of nurses and midwives in Rwanda, the Training, Support, and Access Model (TSAM) for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) project funded continuous professional development (CPD) training workshops about teaching methodologies for nurse and midwife educators from the six main programs of nursing and midwifery education around the country. This qualitative descriptive study was conducted to explore nurse and midwife educators’ experiences of translating the knowledge and skills acquired from participating in the CPD workshop about teaching methodologies into their teaching practices in Rwanda. A purposive sample of fifteen educators was participated in semi-structured individual interviews. Five themes emerged from inductive content analysis: enhanced competencies about teaching practices, application of knowledge and skills gained into classroom and clinical teaching, collaboration and teamwork, facilitators and challenges to the application of the knowledge and skills into practice, and indirect outcomes to MNCH care. The results indicated that although educators reported increased competencies in teaching, their knowledge and skills translation were often hampered by insufficient teaching materials, equipment, and heavy workloads. These findings can serve to inform the TSAM-MNCH project, post-secondary education system, and policy, and research aimed at enhancing nursing and midwifery education delivery in Rwanda