Inheriting library cards to Babel and Alexandria: Contemporary metaphors for the digital library

Librarians have been consciously adopting metaphors to describe library concepts since the nineteenth century, helping us to structure our understanding of new technologies. We have drawn extensively on these figurative frameworks to explore issues surrounding the digital library, yet very little has been written to date which interrogates how these metaphors have developed over the years. Previous studies have explored library metaphors, using either textual analysis or ethnographic methods to investigate their usage. However, this is to our knowledge the first study to use bibliographic data, corpus analysis, qualitative sentiment weighting and close reading to study particular metaphors in detail. It draws on a corpus of over 450 articles to study the use of the metaphors of the Library of Alexandria and Babel, concluding that both have been extremely useful as framing metaphors for the digital library. However, their longstanding use has seen them become stretched as metaphors, meaning that the field’s figurative framework now fails to represent the changing technologies which underpin contemporary digital libraries

Balanced amino acid and higher micronutrients in millets complements legumes for improved human dietary nutrition

Background and objectives: More than 2 billion people suffer with malnutrition arising from dietary protein and micronutrients deficiencies. To enhance the dietary nutrient quality, the current study used two largely grown varieties of finger millet, pearl millet, pigeonpea, and chickpea to evaluate the effect of millet–legume blends for their enhanced protein digestibility, amino acid profiles, and essential micronutrients. Findings: Our study revealed the presence of significant levels of proteins (6.3%– 22.3%), essential amino acids, and micronutrients (Fe: 2.6–8.5 mg; Zn: 2–5.5 mg; Ca: 22‐450 mg in 100 g) in these varieties. When specific millets combined with legumes in 3:1 proportion, significantly enhanced nutritional value of food by providing a balanced amino acid with good protein digestibility, and high levels of iron (7.58 mg) and zinc (4.96 mg) with 100 g of pearl millet and calcium (400.57 mg) with 100 g of finger millet. Conclusions: Pigeonpea and chickpea have a good level of proteins with essential amino acids except methionine and cysteine, whereas millet had balanced amino acid including methionine and cysteine (50% higher) and much higher levels of micronutrients (Fe, Zn and Ca). Therefore, specific millets and legumes combination complemented higher levels of micronutrients in addition to complete proteins to support comprehensive human nutrition. Significance and novelty: This study opens prospects for selecting complementary nutrient‐dense varieties for household consumption. Industries can explore these product developments significantly to reduce malnutrition if consumed adequately, which is not possible with polished rice, refined wheat flour or maize even if it is combined with legumes

Prediction and observation of an antiferromagnetic topological insulator

Magnetic topological insulators are narrow-gap semiconductor materials that combine non-trivial band topology and magnetic order. Unlike their nonmagnetic counterparts, magnetic topological insulators may have some of the surfaces gapped, which enables a number of exotic phenomena that have potential applications in spintronics, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect and chiral Majorana fermions. So far, magnetic topological insulators have only been created by means of doping nonmagnetic topological insulators with 3d transition-metal elements; however, such an approach leads to strongly inhomogeneous magnetic and electronic properties of these materials, restricting the observation of important effects to very low temperatures. An intrinsic magnetic topological insulator—a stoichiometric well ordered magnetic compound—could be an ideal solution to these problems, but no such material has been observed so far. Here we predict by ab initio calculations and further confirm using various experimental techniques the realization of an antiferromagnetic topological insulator in the layered van der Waals compound MnBiTe. The antiferromagnetic ordering that MnBiTe shows makes it invariant with respect to the combination of the time-reversal and primitive-lattice translation symmetries, giving rise to a ℤ topological classification; ℤ = 1 for MnBiTe, confirming its topologically nontrivial nature. Our experiments indicate that the symmetry-breaking (0001) surface of MnBiTe exhibits a large bandgap in the topological surface state. We expect this property to eventually enable the observation of a number of fundamental phenomena, among them quantized magnetoelectric coupling and axion electrodynamics. Other exotic phenomena could become accessible at much higher temperatures than those reached so far, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect and chiral Majorana fermions.We acknowledge support by the Basque Departamento de Educacion, UPV/EHU (grant number IT-756-13), the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO grant number FIS2016-75862-P), and the Academic D.I. Mendeleev Fund Program of Tomsk State University (project number 8.1.01.2018). Support from the Saint Petersburg State University grant for scientific investigations (grant ID 40990069), the Russian Science Foundation (grants number 18-12-00062 for part of the photoemission measurements and 18-12-00169 for part of the calculations of topological invariants and tight-binding bandstructure calculations), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant number 18-52-06009), and the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (grant number EİF-BGM-4-RFTF-1/2017-21/04/1-M-02) is also acknowledged. M.M.O. acknowledges support by the Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa (project number 2018-CIEN-000025-01). I.I.K. and A.M.S. acknowledge partial support from the CERIC-ERIC consortium for the stay at the Elettra synchrotron. The ARPES measurements at HiSOR were performed with the approval of the Proposal Assessing Committee (proposal numbers 18AG020, 18BU005). The support of the German Research Foundation (DFG) is acknowledged by A.U.B.W., A.I. and B.B. within Collaborative Research Center 1143 (SFB 1143, project ID 247310070); by A.Z., A.E. and A.I. within Special Priority Program 1666 Topological Insulators; by H.B. and F.R. within Collaborative Research Center 1170; and by A.Z. and A.I. within the ERANET-Chemistry Program (RU 776/15-1). H.B., A.U.B.W., A.A., V.K., B.B., F.R. and A.I. acknowledge financial support from the DFG through the Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence on Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter – ct.qmat (EXC 2147, project ID 39085490). A.E. acknowledges support by the OeAD grant numbers HR 07/2018 and PL 03/2018. This work was also supported by the Fundamental Research Program of the State Academies of Sciences, line of research III.23. A.K. was financially supported by KAKENHI number 17H06138 and 18H03683. I.P.R. acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the governmental program Megagrants (state task number 3.8895.2017/P220). E.V.C. acknowledges financial support by the Gobierno Vasco-UPV/EHU project (IT1246-19). S.K. acknowledges financial support from an Overseas Postdoctoral Fellowship, SERB-India (OPDF award number SB/OS/PDF-060/2015-16). J.S.-B.acknowledges financial support from the Impuls-und Vernetzungsfonds der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft under grant number HRSF-0067 (Helmholtz-Russia Joint Research Group). The calculations were performed in Donostia International Physics Center, in the research park of Saint Petersburg State University Computing Center (http://cc.spbu.ru), and at Tomsk State Universit