Comparative Study on The Socioeconomic Determinants of Crime in Pakistan and India: An Econometric Analysis

Purpose: This current study aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants of crime in Pakistan and India and compare the results of both the countries, which are unemployment, education, poverty, and economic growth. Methodology: The study is quantitative. Time series data for the period 1996 to 2020 has been taken and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to cointegration is applied for empirical verifications Findings: The results show that in Pakistan education and poverty are the important determinants of crime in the long run whereas in the short-run education is found to be the key cause of crime. On the other hand, in India poverty is an important determinant of crime. Conclusion: All over the world, the rate of crime has been increasing over time. The study is unique in the sense that causes of crime is studied in the two major south Asian countries India & Pakistan with a total population of over 1,500 million peoples. The outcome of the study will be helpful for the policymakers to overcome the shortfall in battling the crimes in the countries

Working Capital Management and Corporate Internal Growth Performance: Evidence of Listed Non-Financial Companies in Pakistan

Purpose: The main objective of this research is to determine the impact of working capital management (WCM) on the growth of manufacturing firms in Pakistan. Methodology: The dependent variable of Internal Growth Rate (IGR), is affected by independent variables of Days Sales Outstanding (DSO), Inventory Turnover (ITO), and Payables Deferral Period (PDP). Based on 5 years of (2016-2020) data of 174 non-financial listed companies taken from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX), regression, descriptive and analytical analysis ascertained that the Working Capital Management (WCM) of a firm is comprehensively measured by the tool of Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC). Findings: The results showed that WCM played an important role in the value creation of the overall business as long as DSO and ITO have a negative impact on the IGR performance of the firm, and for the better performance of IGR, firms needed to keep DSO and ITO at a minimum level. Research limitations/implications: Due to the type of research that has been conducted, other sectors of the industry, such as service, finance, and food, have been left out, and focus has only been made on the manufacturing side. The findings of this study may not be completely applicable to all listed manufacturing firms due to the difference in size and environment that could also affect firms’ growth. Originality/value: This research provides a clear understanding and comprehension of the contribution of working capital management to profitability, and internal, and sustainable growth

Comparative Study on The Socioeconomic Determinants of Crime in Pakistan and India: An Econometric Analysis

Purpose: This current study aims to identify the socioeconomic determinants of crime in Pakistan and India and compare the results of both the countries, which are unemployment, education, poverty, and economic growth. Methodology: The study is quantitative. Time series data for the period 1996 to 2020 has been taken and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to cointegration is applied for empirical verifications Findings: The results show that in Pakistan education and poverty are the important determinants of crime in the long run whereas in the short-run education is found to be the key cause of crime. On the other hand, in India poverty is an important determinant of crime. Conclusion: All over the world, the rate of crime has been increasing over time. The study is unique in the sense that causes of crime is studied in the two major south Asian countries India & Pakistan with a total population of over 1,500 million peoples. The outcome of the study will be helpful for the policymakers to overcome the shortfall in battling the crimes in the countries

Exacerbation of N-nitrosodiethylamine Induced Hepatotoxicity and DNA Damage in Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Stress

Psychological stress contributes to increased susceptibility to a number of diseases including cancer. The present study was designed to assess the effect of chronic unpredictable stress on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced liver toxicity in terms of in vivo antioxidant status and DNA damage in Swiss albino mice. The animals used in this study were randomized into different groups based on the treatment with N-nitrosodiethylamine or chronic unpredictable stress alone and post-stress administration of N-nitrosodiethylamine. The mice were sacrificed after 12 weeks of treatment, and the status of major enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, liver function markers, lipid peroxidation and the extent of DNA damage were determined in circulation and liver tissues of all the groups. The N-nitrosodiethylamine treated group showed significantly compromised levels of the antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and the liver function markers with enhanced DNA damage as compared to chronic unpredictable stress or control groups. A similar but less typical pattern observed in the chronic unpredictable stress treated mice. All the measured biochemical parameters were significantly altered in the group treated with the combination of chronic unpredictable stress and N-nitrosodiethylamine when compared to controls, or chronic unpredictable stress alone and/or N-nitrosodiethylamine alone treated groups. Thus, exposure to continuous, unpredictable stress conditions even in general life may significantly enhance the hepatotoxic potential of N-nitrosodiethylamine through an increase in the oxidative stress and DNA damage

Multivitamin-mineral supplement is more efficacious than vitamins (E+C) in the prevention of chronic unpredictable stress induced oxidative damage in mice

Stress triggers a physiological response by increasing the metabolic rate which translates into oxidative stress, resulting in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases. Several micronutrients like antioxidant vitamins and minerals can modulate the state of oxidative stress. This study tests whether an MM (consisting of functionally diverse dietary antioxidants) compares favourably with a combination of vitamins E and C, in providing increased anti-oxidative protection against chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced oxidative damage in mice. Thirty-two Swiss albino mice were randomized to one of the following groups: control+vehicle, CUS+ vehicle, CUS+ MM, and CUS+ vitamins (C+E). CUS was applied for 4 weeks and MM and vitamins (C+E) were administered orally for the same period. CUS led to a negative impact on all the biochemical parameters analyzed in circulation, liver and kidney with elevation of malondialdehyde and reduction of glutathione levels. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were decreased by CUS, with an elevation of liver marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the circulation and liver. Supplementation with MM and vitamins (C+E) restored the disturbed antioxidant status in the stress exposed mice. However, MM was found more effective than vitamins (C+E) in reinstating the altered parameters. The results of the study suggest that the cumulative action of diverse vitamins and minerals in an MM exert greater antioxidative effect than vitamins (C+E) in combating the CUS induced oxidative stress, thus supplementation of MM alone can be an effective measure to combat stress induced oxidative derangements both under normal and pathological conditions