4 research outputs found
Motion robust MR fingerprinting scan to image neonates with prenatal opioid exposure
Background: A noninvasive and sensitive imaging tool is needed to assess the
fast-evolving baby brain. However, using MRI to study non-sedated babies faces
roadblocks, including high scan failure rates due to subjects motion and the
lack of quantitative measures for assessing potential developmental delays.
This feasibility study explores whether MR Fingerprinting scans can provide
motion-robust and quantitative brain tissue measurements for non-sedated
infants with prenatal opioid exposure, presenting a viable alternative to
clinical MR scans. Assessment: MRF image quality was compared to pediatric MRI
scans using a fully crossed, multiple reader multiple case study. The
quantitative T1 and T2 values were used to assess brain tissue changes between
babies younger than one month and babies between one and two months.
Statistical Tests: Generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was performed
to test the significant difference of the T1 and T2 values from eight white
matter regions of babies under one month and those are older. MRI and MRF image
quality were assessed using Gwets second order auto-correlation coefficient
(AC2) with its confidence levels. We used the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to
assess the difference in proportions between MRF and MRI for all features and
stratified by the type of features. Results: In infants under one month of age,
the T1 and T2 values are significantly higher (p<0.005) compared to those
between one and two months. A multiple-reader and multiple-case study showed
superior image quality ratings in anatomical features from the MRF images than
the MRI images. Conclusions: This study suggested that the MR Fingerprinting
scans offer a motion-robust and efficient method for non-sedated infants,
delivering superior image quality than clinical MRI scans and additionally
providing quantitative measures to assess brain development
Virtual versus true non-contrast images of the brain from spectral detector CT: comparison of attenuation values and image quality
Background Prior studies focused on utilization of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to better detect intracranial pathology and to reduce artifacts. It is still unclear whether virtual non-contrast (VNC) images of DECT can replace true non-contrast (TNC) images. Purpose To compare attenuation values and image quality of VNC images to TNC images of the brain, obtained using spectral detector CT (SDCT). Material and Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients that underwent head CT with and without contrast material, on a SDCT scanner at our institution (n = 33). The attenuation values of different brain structures were obtained from TNC images, the conventional images of the post-contrast exams (n = 16) or the CT angiography (CTA) (n = 17), and the derived VNC images. In total, 591 regions of interest were obtained, including white and gray matter. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated the image quality of the VNC and TNC images, using a 5-point Likert scale. Results The mean difference between the attenuation values on the VNC versus the TNC images was <4 HU for almost all the structures. The difference reached statistical significance (P < 0.05) for the deep gray structures but not for the white matter. The image quality score of the TNC images was 5 in all the patients (excellent gray-white matter differentiation). The scores of the VNC images differed between post-contrast and CTA examinations, with means of 4.9 +/- 0.3 (excellent) and 3.2 +/- 0.4 (fair), respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results show minor differences between attenuation values of different brain structures on VNC versus TNC images of SDCT
Cardiac damage after lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii
Humans with central lesions that augment sympathetic nerve activity are predisposed to cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial lesions, and sudden death. Previously, we showed that selectively killing neurons with neurokinin-1 receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of rats attenuated the baroreflex and, in some animals, led to sudden unexplained death within ∼2 wk. Interruption of arterial baroreflexes is known to increase sympathetic activity. Here we tested the hypothesis that lesions in the NTS lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial lesions. We studied electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, blood pressure, and heart rate in 14 adult male rats after bilateral microinjection into the NTS of stabilized substance P conjugated to the toxin saporin and compared the variables in five sham control rats and in five animals with toxin injected outside the NTS. Only injection of toxin into the NTS led to increased lability of arterial blood pressure, a sign of baroreflex interruption. Two animals treated with toxin died suddenly. All animals engaged in normal activity until, in two, rapid development of asystole and death over 6–8 min. Cardiac function when examined by echocardiography was normal, but pathologic examination of the heart revealed diffuse microscopic areas of acute coagulation necrosis in the myocardium in five animals, focal subacute necrosis in two animals, and both changes in one animal. This study supports the hypothesis that NTS lesions interrupting the baroreflex may induce cardiac arrhythmias and myocardial changes similar to those seen in humans with central lesions and may lead to sudden cardiac death