Potensi Akses yang Dimiliki Rumahtangga terhadap Pemanfaatan Aktual Pelayanan Kontrasepsi

Background: Difference in social economic influenced the inequity in fulfilling health needs. The goal of health development in Indonesia increased awareness, desire, and capability to make the healthness. Everyone had equal right to obtain health services.Objective: To know the influence of household's potential access to actual access in utilizing contraceptive services.Method: This study was an observational research using cross sectional approach. It used secondary data from Sakerti 2000 result. The sample consisted of 2233 household from Central Java province. Bivariable analysis used chi-square test and multivariable analysis used logistic Regression test with 0,05 significant level.Result: The factors influencing household's potential access to actual access of contraceptive services was household who had more than 5 members and owner of health assurance. The household who had more than 5 member and owner of health assurance had 1,7 and 1,5 time more access to contraceptive services than those who had less than 5 members and had not owner of health assurance.Conclusion: Household who had more than 5 members and owner of health assurance were potential access in utilizing contraceptive services. The social structure was not a barrier in utilizing contraceptive services

Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Cedera pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar

Background: Every year many children all over the world become disabled or die because of injury. It is estimated that 98% of child mortality is caused by injury, and this mostly happens in low and middle income countries. Injury may happen accidentally or intentionally and internally (from the children themselves) or externally (from environmental factors).Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the seriousness and types of injury and risk factors of injury occurrence among elementary school children at Yogyakarta Municipality.Methods: The study used school-based cross sectional design and was conducted at 28 elementary schools of Yogyakarta municipality with as many as 4690 children of grade I – VI as subject of the study. Samples were taken using multistage cluster sampling technique. Dependent variables consisted of injury that took place at schools, home and the surrounding and absence from school, whereas independent variables consisted of age and sex of children, age of mothers, social and economic status, home environment and time. Research instruments used were questionnaires to get data of injury risk factors and impact of injury and observation sheets to assessschool environment.Results: Injury prevalence was as much as 42.56% (mild injury 36,89% and severe injury 5,7%) . Factors related to injury occurrence among elementary school children were sex (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.16 – 1.47) and home environment (OR=2.76; 95% CI 1.36 – 6.62). Types of injury that often happened to elementary school children were scratches, bruises, sprains, bites, flesh wounds burns, road accidents, broken bone and small particles infiltration.Conclusion: Home environment was an important factor of injury occurrence among elementary school children. Therefore preventive action had to be taken by improving home and environment security, and alerts of parents in order that occurrence of injury could be avoided. Sex of children was also an important factor of cause for injury occurrence among elementary school children

Pola Resistensi Kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis Terhadap Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) remains the major public health problem worldwide, including Indonesia. To control the epidemic chain, TB patients need to be treated Anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Improper medication leads to the resistance of one or more OAT regimen used for tuberculosis treatment. Resistance to OAT becomes the major problem in the treatment and control of tuberculosis infection chain. This research is aimed to describe the M. tuberculosis resistance to OAT, to analyze factors related to the resistance and sputum conversion at the end of the intensive phase, as well as to analyze the relation between M. tuberculosis OAT resistance and sputum conversion at the end of the intensive phase. The study was conducted in Yogyakarta Province during the period July - October 2002. Tuberculosis patient over 15 years old with positive acid-fast bacilli (BTA) test in two or more sputum specimen were recruited in the health services. M. tuberculosis resistance test to INH, rifampicin, etambutol, and streptomycin were conducted in-vitro. Sputum conversion examination was done at the end of the intensive phase (the end of 2nd month of treatment). Factors such as nutritional status, disease history, contact history and treatment history were identifiecUisng questionnare. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were conducted. -The resistance pattern of M.tuberculosis in Yogyakarta Province during July - October 2002 showed 61,35% patient resistance to INH, 46,2% to streptomycin and 30,8% to etambutol. No resistance to rifampicin was observed. A significant relationship was observed between the M. tuberculosis resistance to OAT and sputum conversion at the end of the intensive phase (p=0,000). It was concluded that the resistance pattern in Yogyakarta was dominated by resistance of M. tuberculosis to INH. No case of multiple drug resistance was identified in this study M. tuberculosis resistance to OAT was significantly related to the sputum conversion at the end af the intensive phase. Keywords: tuberculosis âanti-tuberculosis drugs â resistance â sputumconversion - risk factor

Hubungan antara Kadar Plumbum (Pb) dan Hipertensi pada Polisi Lalu Lintas di Kota Manado

Background: Hypertension can be divided into two types, i.e. primary and secondary hypertension. Risk factors related to incidence of essential hypertension, among others are age, sex, smoking, alcohol, obesity, inactivity and air pollution. Air pollution can derive from motor vehicles and air which contains plumbum (Pb). Pb may enter the body through inhalation, foods, drinks and absorption through skin. The effects of Pb for health are blood pressure elevation (hypertension), brain damage, neural damage, decrease of intelligence quotient inchildren, miscarriage and damage of male reproductive system. Population with high risk Pb exposure are traffic police working on the road.Objective: The objective of the study was to identify relationship between Pb level in the blood and prevalence of hypertension among traffic police in Manado Municipality.Method: The study used cross sectional design. Sample consisted of 192 subjects or study participants: 96 traffic police officers working on roads and 96 working at the office of Manado Capital City Police. Study participants were chosen using simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed descriptively, using univariable and multivariable analyses.Result: The result of univariate analysis showed that Pb in blood had significant relationship (p0.05), by looking at the value of Odds Ratio (OR) it could be identified that traffic policemen working more than 8 hours/day had 2 – 2.4 times higher risk of suffering from hypertension than those working in the office. Mothers'/father's history of hypertension, sports inactivities and smoking also increased risk of hypertension incidence among traffic policemen.Conclusion: There was relationship between Pb level in blood and incidence of hypertension after being controlled with length of on duty, length of work, mother's/father's history of hypertension, sports activities and smoking

Faktor Risiko terjadinya Cedera pada Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar

Background: Every year many children all over the world become disabled or die because of injury. It is estimated that 98% of child mortality is caused by injury, and this mostly happens in low and middle income countries. Injury may happen accidentally or intentionally and internally (from the children themselves) or externally (from environmental factors).Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the seriousness and types of injury and risk factors of injury occurrence among elementary school children at Yogyakarta Municipality.Methods: The study used school-based cross sectional design and was conducted at 28 elementary schools of Yogyakarta municipality with as many as 4690 children of grade I – VI as subject of the study. Samples were taken using multistage cluster sampling technique. Dependent variables consisted of injury that took place at schools, home and the surrounding and absence from school, whereas independent variables consisted of age and sex of children, age of mothers, social and economic status, home environment and time. Research instruments used were questionnaires to get data of injury risk factors and impact of injury and observation sheets to assessschool environment.Results: Injury prevalence was as much as 42.56% (mild injury 36,89% and severe injury 5,7%) . Factors related to injury occurrence among elementary school children were sex (OR=1.31; 95% CI 1.16 – 1.47) and home environment (OR=2.76; 95% CI 1.36 – 6.62). Types of injury that often happened to elementary school children were scratches, bruises, sprains, bites, flesh wounds burns, road accidents, broken bone and small particles infiltration.Conclusion: Home environment was an important factor of injury occurrence among elementary school children. Therefore preventive action had to be taken by improving home and environment security, and alerts of parents in order that occurrence of injury could be avoided. Sex of children was also an important factor of cause for injury occurrence among elementary school children.Keywords: injury among children, risk factors, prevalenc

Pizza and Hamburger Consumption to Overweight among Adolescents in Jambi City

Junk food is unhealthy and poor in nutrient quality, and may result in weight gain, obesity, and coronary heart disease, if consumed regularly. The prevalence of overweight in adolescents is 5-10% higher in urban areas. Adolescents undergo lifestyle changes, including in food consumption behavior. This study aimed to determine relation between junk food consumption patterns and overweight in adolescents. This study was conducted based on a cross-sectional design. A total of 137 high school students in Jambi City were involved in this study. Patterns of junk food consumption were assessed using food frequency questionnaires that examined the eating habits of study subjects. The variables were sex, maternal education, parents’s occupation, and family’s socio-economic level. Analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Nutritional status was measured using body mass index-forage with WHO Antro software. The results of this study indicated a 23.4% prevalence of overweight in adolescents. After controlling for maternal education, father’s occupation, instant noodle eating habits, and tea, coffee and cookies consumption, final model showed that consumption of pizza and hamburgers among adolescents was the dominant determinant for overweight (OR=3.55). Consumption of pizza and hamburger was related to overweight among adolescents in Jambi City

Potensi Akses yang Dimiliki Rumahtangga terhadap Pemanfaatan Aktual Pelayanan Kontrasepsi

Background: Difference in social economic influenced the inequity in fulfilling health needs. The goal of health development in Indonesia increased awareness, desire, and capability to make the healthness. Everyone had equal right to obtain health services.Objective: To know the influence of household’s potential access to actual access in utilizing contraceptive services.Method: This study was an observational research using cross sectional approach. It used secondary data from Sakerti 2000 result. The sample consisted of 2233 household from Central Java province. Bivariable analysis used chi-square test and multivariable analysis used logistic Regression test with 0,05 significant level.Result:  The factors influencing household’s potential access to actual access of contraceptive services was household who had more than 5 members and owner of  health assurance. The household who had more than 5 member and owner of  health assurance had 1,7 and 1,5 time more access to contraceptive services than those who had less than 5 members and had not owner of health assurance.Conclusion: Household who had more than 5 members and owner of health assurance were potential access in utilizing contraceptive services. The social structure was not a barrier in utilizing contraceptive services.Keywords :  potential access, actual access, household, contraceptive service

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENG ARUHI PERSEPSI REMAJA USIA 14-15 TAHUN TENTANG NARKOBA

Background: Drug abuse among young adolescents has become more prevalent in Indonesia recently. Youth psychological development and their perception on drug use are among factors associated with drug abuse. Youth perception on drug abuse has not yet been studied in-depth in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the young adolescent\u27s perception on drug abuse and its determinant in Indonesia. Method: Eight Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted among the 91h grade students in Yogyakarta City and Purworejo District. Three in-depth interviews with junior high school teachers were done to triangulate the results from student. Result: The youth in this study has negative perception on drugs. The boys knew the harm and bad consequences of using drug. They were aware that drug abuse is forbidden by religion and it is a sin to do so, and this was stressed upon particularly by urban youth. Drug abuser got punishment from school and this become another motivation for not using drug. The youth agreed that exposure to alcohol will promote youth\u27s acquaintance to drugs. Conclusion: Young adolescent\u27s perception on drugs is affected by their psychological developmental stage, their value and understanding of religion, their knowledge about drugs, and their exposure to peers, families, neighborhood, and school. These factors worked differently between rural and urban youth. Keywords : drugs abuse, youth, perception, qualitative method, urban and rura

Проблемы банкротства, истинного и мнимого

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the increase in life expectancy (LE) globally is coupled with a postponement of morbidity and disability. Evidence on trends and determinants of disability-free life expectancies (DFLEs) are available in high-income countries but less in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examines the levels of and inequalities in LE, disability and DFLE between men and women across different age groups aged 50 years and over in six countries with developing economies. METHODS: This study utilised the cross-sectional data (n=32 724) from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation and South Africa in 2007-2010. Disability was measured with the activity of daily living (ADL) instrument. The DFLE was estimated using the Sullivan method based on the standard period life table and ADL-disability proportions. RESULTS: The disability prevalence ranged from 13% in China to 54% in India. The prevalence of disability was highest and occurred at younger age in both sexes in India. Women were more disadvantaged with higher prevalence of disability across all age groups, and the situation was worst among older women in Mexico and the Russian Federation. Though women had higher LE, their proportion of remaining LE free from disability was lower than men. CONCLUSIONS: There are inequalities in the levels of disability and DFLE among men and women in different age groups among people aged over 50 years in these six countries. Countermeasures to decrease intercountry and gender gaps in DFLE, including improvements in health promotion and healthcare distribution, with a gender equity focus, are needed

Hubungan Antara Intensitas Kebisingan Aktivitas Penerbangan di Bandara Adi Sucipto dengan Nilai Ambang Pendengaran pada Anak

Background: With its increasing status as international airport, the intensifying flight activities at Adi Sucipto Airport in Yogyakarta City poses a public health problem to its surrounding community. A preliminary study conducted by the Directorate of Environmental Sanitation, Directorate General of Disease Control and Environmental Sanitation of the Ministry of Health and Environmental Health Engineering Council of Yogyakarta, at an elementary school located in the Noise Area Limit II showed the noise level of 71.4 dBA, and subjective complaints from respondents included difficulty to sleep (46.5%), frequent waking up at night (45.1%), and lack of sleep (42.2%). Forty three out of 70 students studied experienced decrease of hearing capability.Objective: The objective of the study was to identify relationship between noise intensity and level of hearing limit among elementary school students at Noise Area Limit II of Adi Sutjipto Airport, Yogyakarta. The study was conducted at two elementary schools within the Noise Area Limit II, one situated closely to the airport and the other one at the outer ring of the area.Method: The study was analytical with cross sectional study design.Result: The airplane noise intensity, either measured at school or subject residence, showed no significant differences between Kali Ajir Lor and Perumnas Condong Catur Elementary School. The duration of exposure is amongst the important factor which might explain the difference of hearing impairment observed in this study.Conclusion: Length of exposure to noise intensity is statistically significant to the level of hearing impairment among students studied.Keywords: noise area limit, noise intensity, hearing disorde