Inaugural Address

Dr Ishfaq Ahmad, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Dr Rashid Amjad, President, Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Dr G. M. Arif, Secretary Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen! It is indeed a privilege and honour to address this distinguished gathering of economists and social scientists. Over the years the Annual Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists has become one of the leading events on the calendar of meetings where experts from various disciplines discuss cutting edge issues that confront developing economies in general and Pakistan’s economy in particular. I want to especially congratulate the Society and the President on completing 25 years as it celebrates its Silver Jubilee. I am very happy that the founding President, Prof. Dr Nawab Haider Naqvi is with us today and that some of the past Presidents are also present. The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, the home of the Society, also needs to be congratulated for holding such conferences on an annual and regular basis. I am very happy that this meeting as in the past is being attended by internationally acclaimed economists and academics from both within and outside the country. I am especially heartened to see that students of economics from all over Pakistan have been especially invited to attend this meeting

Effects of Teachers’ Motivation on Students’ Learning English in Public Elementary Schools of Pakistan

The research investigated the effects of teachers’ motivation on students’ learning English in public elementary schools of Nawabshah, Pakistan. It focused at examining intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of teachers while teaching English language. This research paper took Dornyei’s (1994) model in which only Teacher-Specific Motivational component was adopted. The research employed quantitative research method in which questionnaire was distributed among the participants. Data was collected from Pakistani public elementary schools in which randomly 50 male and 50 female teachers participated. The research also collected the data from 230 elementary students. The collected data was analyzed by statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 20th. To accomplish the aim of the study three research objectives and research questions were prepared. A descriptive statistics was performed for question 1 and 3 and independent T-test was done for question 2. The findings indicated that teachers are more extrinsically motivated in public elementary schools. Their extrinsic motivation effects their students’ mot`ivation too. A comparison of male and female teachers was done via constructing a hypothesis i.e. there is no significant difference between male and female teachers’ motivation for teaching English in public elementary schools. The findings rejected the null hypothesis and the independent t-test revealed that there is significance difference between the group and female teachers are more motivated (80.2916) to teach English than male teachers (70.8788). Students believe that teachers brighten their future and help them to be confident at speaking English. The results also indicated that teachers’ intrinsic motivation plays more positive role for motivating students to learn English. The study suggested that it is essential to shift teachers’ extrinsic motivation into intrinsic motivation for teaching English language. Keywords: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Teachers’ Motivation, English Language Teaching, Students’ Motivation DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-4-05 Publication date: February 29th 202

Sarcoidosis presenting as fatigue and weakness

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disorder of unknown cause that occurs in both men and women of all races. It typically presents in patients after 20 years of age. Sarcoidosis most frequently involves the lung, but up to 30 percent of patients present with extra-thoracic manifestations. It can involve multiple organs to a variable extent and degree. In areas, where tuberculosis is endemic, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis may be overlooked and misdiagnosed because of clinical and radiographic resemblance. Herein, we present a case of a middle-aged man who visited multiple physicians with constitutional symptoms and was treated symptomatically but did not improve. He later developed skin lesions which were biopsied and led to correct diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Hence, a clinician should be aware of all the spectrums of presentations of rare diseases like sarcoidosis and always keep it as a differential when treating common diseases like tuberculosis. Key Words: Sarcoidosis, Skin lesions, Fatigue

Integration of status consumption and theory of planned behavior: a conceptual framework

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a popular theory to predict human behavior in many social science studies, consumer behaviour being no exception. The TPB in its simplest form postulates that human actions can be predicted by their intentions towards that action, and assumes that this is because humans are rational beings. Despite its popularity, TPB has been criticized in previous research on a number of grounds.TPB is essentially confined to rational behavior of humans. However, humans are not always rational in their behaviors. TPB misses out on personality, motivation, learning, lifestyles, and emotions related constructs. Thus, TPB’s utility in predicting intentions has been questioned by previous researchers. It has been empirically found to predict between 35% and 66% of the variance in intentions towards behavior. These findings indicate the presence of additional predictor constructs of purchase intentions either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, products that are perceived as status symbols do not just satisfy functional needs of the consumers but also their social and status needs. Therefore, the current study integrates status consumption with the three independent variables of TPB, namely attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control in to a single framework and proposes that addition of status consumption will increase the predictive power of TPB for products perceived as status symbols by consumers

Reintegration of Karachi port through sustainable adaptive reuse of abandoned and underused industrial buildings

The economic capital and one of Pakistan’s most important cities gain popularity due to the reputable Karachi port. Karachi was referred to as Korokala and Debal in ancient times; a city conquered by famous conquerors, including Alexander the Great and Muhammad bin Qasim due to its seaport importance. However, most of the port’s tangible and material heritage were built by the British during the 19th–20th century. The Britishers conquered the city and started developing Karachi port because of the seaport. Due to the port, the area of Karachi grew from a small fishermen’s village to a bustling metropolitan city. During the second industrial revolution in the late 19th century, the Britishers developed Indian industries so that they depended on British capital goods. To transport the goods, the British empire constructed railways and maritime routes in the mid and late nineteenth century, The port of Karachi was one of them.Karachi port remains the hub of Pakistan’s main logistic transportation, but some of its heritage buildings have been neglected on this site. After the 9/11 tragedy in the US, due to security reasons, Karachi port trust restricted the port to the public. Now, the security situation is better, and the port can be reintegrated and made accessible to the public through sustainable adaptive reuse of abandoned or underused buildings. Karachi is a congested city with few places for recreation; reintegrating this site can open opportunities for tourism while showcasing the city’s industrial heritage.This paper wants to articulate the potential of industrial heritage. But the latter in Pakistan is not yet recognized as part of a heritage discourse. The port offers a rich case study due to its layered history and various typologies of buildings on site

Effect of Leadership Styles in Employee Performance During COVID Pandemic: Evidence from the Banking Sector of Pakistan

The Covid-19 epidemic is harming the world economy. Due to the economic domino effect, practically all business sectors are affected. Because of the economic slump and modification in client transaction penchants, COVID-19 had a considerable sway on the banking industry. During the COVID-19 pandemic in the banking industry, this paper intends to determine and evaluate the direct and indirect possessions of transformational, transactional leadership, and laissez-faire leadership on employee performance because of the indirect influence mediated by work engagement. The findings revealed that transformational leadership has a progressive but little influence on employee performance, but transactional management has a positive and considerable influence. Furthermore, through mediating the influence of work engagement, transformational leadership's influence on employee performance became positive and substantial. Meanwhile, in the appearance of the COVID-19 Pandemic, work engagement was much higher, bolstering the influence of transactional leadership on employee performance in the banking industry

NURTURING PROMOTES THE EVOLUTION OF LEARNING IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS

An agent may interact with its environment and learn complex tasks based on evaluative feedback through a process known as reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning requires exploration of unfamiliar situations, which necessarily involves unknown and potentially dangerous or costly outcomes. Supervising agents in these situations can be seen as a type of nurturing and requires an investment of time usually by humans. Nurturing, one individual investing in the development of another individual with which it has an ongoing relationship, is widely seen in the biological world, often with parents nurturing their o spring. There are many types of nurturing, including helping an individual to carry out a task by doing part of the task for it. In arti cial intelligence, nurturing can be seen as an opportunity to develop both better machine learning algorithms and robots that assist or supervise other robots. Although the area of nurturing robotics is at a very early stage, the hope is that this approach can result in more sophisticated learning systems. This dissertation demonstrates the e ectiveness of nurturing through experiments involving the evolution of the parameters of a reinforcement learning algorithm that is capable of nding good policies in a changing environment in which the agent must learn an episodic task in which there is discrete input with perceptual aliasing, continuous output, and delayed reward. The results show that nurturing is capable of promoting the evolution of learning in such environments