コウジョウセン ニュウトウガン ト ハシモトビョウ ノ カンベツ ニ ツイテ

Introduction: Thyroid fine-needle cytology is the first line clinical method for thyroid nodule to select patients for surgery, because papillary carcinoma has diagnostic characteristics in cytology, such as nuclear enlargement, nuclear grooves and nuclear inclusions. However over-diagnosis of Hashimoto disease is well known fact to occur frequently.Materials and Methods: Morphometric analysis of cytological samples from Hashimoto disease, papillary carcinoma and benign adenomatous nodule were carried out 4 cases each using Papanicolaou stained conventional smear samples.Results: Sizes of clusters were evaluated by counting number of follicular cells in the cluster. It was larger in papillary carcinoma (63.3/cluster) and benign (43.9/cluster) than Hashimoto disease (18.9/cluster) (P=0.006). The nuclear diameter increased in Hashimoto disease and the average of the longest diameter was 6.5μm and the shortest was 5.5μm, which was overlapped with those of papillary carcinoma. The number of nuclear grooves increased from benign (<1%), Hashimoto disease (6%) to papillary carcinoma (16%).Conclusion: There are significant overlap between Hashimoto disease and papillary carcinoma morphologically. For more accurate diagnosis of Hashimoto disease may be achieved only with combined morphological features

Electroextraction of Insoluble Proteins from the Organic Matrix of the Nacreous Layer of the Japanese Pearl Oyster, <i>Pinctada fucata</i>

The nacreous layer of shells and pearls is composed of aragonite crystals arranged in an organic matrix. The organic matrix contains chitin and several proteins that regulate the formation of the nacreous layer. Owing to their strong interactions in the organic matrix, the current method for extraction of insoluble proteins from the pre-powdered nacreous layer involves heating to high temperatures in the presence of a detergent (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) and reductant (e.g., dithiothreitol, DTT), which is likely to induce protein degradation. Therefore, we have developed an electroextraction method to isolate proteins from the organic matrix of a nacreous organic sheet, that was obtained following the decalcification of shells in their original shape. Our electroextraction method employs milder conditions without heating or detergent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of the electro-extracted proteins (EEPs) under non-reduced and reduced conditions revealed that this method yielded a greater number of different proteins compared with the conventional extraction method and the isolated EEPs retained their disulfide bonds. Our method is able to easily extract insoluble proteins from the nacreous layer under mild conditions and will undoubtedly aid future analyses into the functions of the nacreous layer proteins

Antioxidant capacity of wheat bran fermented with gut indigenous Bifidobacterium and its antagonistic effect on food‐related pathogens in vitro

Abstract Wheat bran (WB) has several health‐promoting effects. This study aimed to identify gut bacteria that increase after WB consumption and assess their functionality. Human stool samples obtained from healthy volunteers were inoculated into culture broth with or without 2% (w/v) WB and incubated under anaerobic conditions for 24 h. The microbiota in the cultures was analysed using 16S rRNA (V4) gene amplicon sequencing. The addition of WB decreased the pH from 6.9 to 5.9 (p < 0.05) and increased the acetate level by 1.6 times. Although the microbiota differed across individuals, butyrate‐producing genera (Faecalibacterium and Roseburia), Blautia, and Bifidobacterium spp. were abundant in cultures supplemented with WB. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum and B. adolescentis, isolated as WB‐responsible gut indigenous bacteria (WB‐RIBs), were found to ferment WB. The WB‐RIBs increased the 1,1‐diphenyl‐picrylhydrazyl and superoxide anion radical‐scavenging capacities of WB‐supplemented cultures. Further, these WB‐RIBs suppressed the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus in WB‐supplemented brain heart infusion broth. These results suggest that compounds present in WB, along with WB‐RIBs, affect the gut environment. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interactions between WB and WB‐RIBs

Neuronal DSCAM regulates the peri-synaptic localization of GLAST in Bergmann glia for functional synapse formation

Abstract In the central nervous system, astrocytes enable appropriate synapse function through glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft; however, it remains unclear how astrocytic glutamate transporters function at peri-synaptic contact. Here, we report that Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) in Purkinje cells controls synapse formation and function in the developing cerebellum. Dscam-mutant mice show defects in CF synapse translocation as is observed in loss of function mutations in the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLAST expressed in Bergmann glia. These mice show impaired glutamate clearance and the delocalization of GLAST away from the cleft of parallel fibre (PF) synapse. GLAST complexes with the extracellular domain of DSCAM. Riluzole, as an activator of GLAST-mediated uptake, rescues the proximal impairment in CF synapse formation in Purkinje cell-selective Dscam-deficient mice. DSCAM is required for motor learning, but not gross motor coordination. In conclusion, the intercellular association of synaptic and astrocyte proteins is important for synapse formation and function in neural transmission