Electric vehicles in Smart Grids: Performance considerations

Distributed power system is the basic architecture of current power systems and demands close cooperation among the generation, transmission and distribution systems. Excessive greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade have driven a move to a more sustainable energy system. This has involved integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into the distributed generation system. Renewable sources offer more opportunities for end users to participate in the power delivery system and to make this distribution system even more efficient, the novel Smart Grid concept has emerged. A Smart Grid: offers a two-way communication between the source and the load; integrates renewable sources into the generation system; and provides reliability and sustainability in the entire power system from generation through to ultimate power consumption. Unreliability in continuous production poses challenges for deploying renewable sources in a real-time power delivery system. Different storage options could address this unreliability issue, but they consume electrical energy and create signifcant costs and carbon emissions. An alternative is using electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, with two-way power transfer capability (Grid-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid), as temporary distributed energy storage devices. A perfect fit can be charging the vehicle batteries from the renewable sources and discharging the batteries when the grid needs them the most. This will substantially reduce carbon emissions from both the energy and the transportation sector while enhancing the reliability of using renewables. However, participation of these vehicles into the grid discharge program is understandably limited by the concerns of vehicle owners over the battery lifetime and revenue outcomes. A major challenge is to find ways to make vehicle integration more effective and economic for both the vehicle owners and the utility grid. This research addresses problems such as how to increase the average lifetime of vehicles while discharging to the grid; how to make this two-way power transfer economically viable; how to increase the vehicle participation rate; and how to make the whole system more reliable and sustainable. Different methods and techniques are investigated to successfully integrate the electric vehicles into the power system. This research also investigates the economic benefits of using the vehicle batteries in their second life as energy storage units thus reducing storage energy costs for the grid operators, and creating revenue for the vehicle owners

Maximally coherent mixed states: Complementarity between maximal coherence and mixedness

Quantum coherence is a key element in topical research on quantum resource theories and a primary facilitator for design and implementation of quantum technologies. However, the resourcefulness of quantum coherence is severely restricted by environmental noise, which is indicated by the loss of information in a quantum system, measured in terms of its purity. In this work, we derive the limits imposed by the mixedness of a quantum system on the amount of quantum coherence that it can possess. We obtain an analytical trade-off between the two quantities that upperbound the maximum quantum coherence for fixed mixedness in a system. This gives rise to a class of quantum states, "maximally coherent mixed states," whose coherence cannot be increased further under any purity-preserving operation. For the above class of states, quantum coherence and mixedness satisfy a complementarity relation, which is crucial to understand the interplay between a resource and noise in open quantum systems.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, REVTex 4.1, close to published versio

Attitudinal orientation of first level managers for improvement of municipal service delivery: Experience of training intervention in Kolkata

This paper discusses a program of attitudinal orientation courses provided for functionaries of a large municipal corporation in India. Almost 450 Assistant Managers from the Kolkata Municipal Corporation took part in the training, which was held at the Administrative Training Institute (ATI) of the Government of West Bengal, India.Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, Indian Municipalities/Corporations (Urban Local Bodies) are empowered and entrusted to perform planning, development and governance for the city/ town and to provide services to the citizens. The change in outlook towards the local government reflected in the Act has highlighted the need for greater awareness and a better attitude amongst municipal staff as well as elected representatives towards service delivery. Good governance can be achieved through the overall performance of officials of an organization, provided they possess the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes and competencies. For historical reasons, knowledge, skills and attitudes amongst officials of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India have been traditionally of a low standard. Willingness to perform better in the role of municipal service delivery is not common. Therein lies the need for training for improvement in service delivery, especially for organizations like large municipal corporations and municipalities

Vitamin D levels and tumor necrosis factor-α activity in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An exploratory study in North-East India

Background: Diabetes poses a global threat, leading to hospitalizations and premature death if not managed properly. It involves tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine, which binds to TNF-α receptor-1, triggering sphingomyelinase, and ceramide production. Vitamin D acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory cell growth, and benefiting diabetes mellitus (DM). Aims and Objectives: The primary objective was to compare serum Vitamin D and TNF-α levels in diabetics and non-diabetics. The secondary objective was to explore Vitamin D and TNF-α correlation in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A case–control study involved 92 subjects in each group. Data included demographics, clinical assessments, glycemic parameters, Vitamin D, and TNF-α. Statistical analysis used student’s t-test and Pearson correlation (P<0.05). Results: The cohort comprised 34 females (36.96%) and 58 males (63.04%). Cases had significantly higher glycemic levels: FBG (247.2±53.92 mg/dL vs. 91.45±16.64 mg/dL), postprandial plasma glucose (319.7±72.08 mg/dL vs. 111.3±21.76 mg/dL), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (10.39±2.41% vs. 5.43±0.48%). Mean serum Vitamin D in cases (22.63 ng/mL) was significantly lower than controls (58.15 ng/mL), and mean TNF-α in cases (5.01 pg/mL) was higher than controls (4.63 pg/mL, P<0.0001). HbA1c negatively correlated with serum Vitamin D (r=−0.7461) and positively with TNF-α (r=0.7831). Vitamin D correlated negatively with TNF-α (r=−0.6481). Conclusion: The study revealed lower serum Vitamin D and higher TNF-α levels in cases, with a significant inverse association. It also found an inverse link between Vitamin D and HbA1c and a strong positive correlation between HbA1c and TNF-α. Recognizing Vitamin D and TNF-α’s diagnostic significance promises innovative strategies for managing type 2 DM

Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)

Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin–gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis. Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother–neonates aged 0–60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability. Findings Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36 285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillin–gentamicin, ceftazidime–amikacin, piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidime–amikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillin–gentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14–0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillin–gentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidime–amikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillin–gentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidime–amikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis

DISSEMINATED HISTOPLASMOSIS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT INDIVIDUALS- NOT A SO RARE ENTITY

Introduction: Histoplasmosis is a rare fungal disease caused by dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum. The causative fungus is present in soil, infects through inhalation and manifests in three main types-acute primary, chronic cavitary and progressive disseminated Histoplasmosis. Disseminated Histoplasmosis (DH) is defined as a clinical condition where fungus is present in more than one location. Among the forms of histoplasmosis, DH is the rarest and generally found in immune-compromised individual. Here we are presenting our experiences of the series of cases of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in immune-competent individuals who have been diagnosed in our institute in last 5 years. Materials and methods: This is a single centre retrospective observational study, from May 2009 to April 2014. Only cases with Disseminated Histoplasmosis in otherwise healthy immune-competent individuals were included in the study. The Histoplasmosis is confirmed by either presence of Histoplasma in biopsy specimen from extra-pulmonary organ or by positive growth in fungal culture Result: Total seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Five out of 7 patients were male. The mean age was 35 years. Five of the 7 patients presented with fever for long duration. Six patients complained of significant weight loss before diagnosis. On examination, one patient had skin nodules, five patients had hepato-splenomegaly, and two patients had lymphadenopathy. The laboratory investigation revealed anaemia in six out of 7 patients, and pancytopenia in 3 patients. Two patients had features of hemophagocytic syndrome in the bone marrow. All of the patient had undergone treatment with conventional amphotericine B  deoxy-cholate and azole antifungal. One patient with adrenal involvement died in hospital. The patient with skin nodule had recurrent relapses. The other patients had resolution of symptoms and clinically cured. Conclusion: Disseminated Histoplasmosis is not an uncommon etiology of fever of prolonged duration even in immuno-competent individual, and should be kept as a differential diagnosis. Targeted investigation with early bone marrow biopsy and fungal culture may help in diagnosis of DH. Imaging study to exclude adrenal involvement prevents case fatality in DH. Cytopenia may be due to secondary hemophagocytic syndrome, which improves with anti-fungal therapy. Treatment with either amphotericine B or itraconazole gives excellent outcome, though therapy may have to given for prolonged period in case of relapses

Coenzyme Q10 and soyphosphatidylcholine in EK extender on preservation of Rhode Island Red poultry semen

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of EK extender alone or incorporation with CoenzymeQ10 (CoQ10) and/or soyphosphatidylcholine (SPC) in poultry semen and their effects on seminal traits during temporal storage at 4⁰C for different time intervals (12 h, 24 h, and 36 h). Heterospermic pooled semen samples diluted (1:4) with EK, EK + SPC, EK+ CoQ10 and EK + SPC + CoQ10 extenders separately, preserved and different spermiogram were assessed. Various seminal traits within the same extender differ significantly (p<0.05) among different groups and with different time intervals of storage. CoQ10 and SPC in the EK extender exhibited favorable synergistic effect on sperm quality and were able to protect the male gametes against cold-stress up to 36h at 4⁰C. In this study, we concluded that incorporation of SPC and CoQ10 together in EK extender possess novel potentiality to maintain seminal quality during liquid storage of poultry semen at 4⁰C and for their safe transportation and further use for Artificial Reproductive technologies (ARTs)

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Not AvailableGlobally animal models play very important role in the progress of life science in a wide range of biological experimentations. Suitability of different animal model relies on its similarity in genetic makeup, resemble physiological response on diseases of multiple etiology and different drugs, easy maintenance of model animal. Among the fishes, zebrafish and some other species like killifish and cave fish has been found to have great potential and being experimented as an alternative model animal for experimentation of some specific human diseases. Metadata analysis with relevant keywords revealed >8000 research publications on fish model in last 12 years. In India, zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822), is widely distributed. However, very less attention has so far been paid to understand the importance of the species in biological experimentation except few scattered reports. Besides zebrafish, use of African killifish and cave fish has also been outlined. The present paper synthesized the current knowledge of research and discussed the status and potentials of fish as a model in modern biological experimentation in various medical disorders and recommends their utilization for drug discovery and critical human disease modelling.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study evaluated the effectiveness of stocking the Gangetic carps, viz. Labeo catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala, in a large tropical reservoir, Uttar Pradesh, India. Time series data of 22 years (1998 to 2019) on fingerling stocking and fish harvest were collected from the State Department of Fisheries, Govt of Uttar Pradesh. The average annual stocking was 36 nos.ha−1 yr−1, and the fingerling stocking size was ranged between 10 and 90 mm total length (TL) with a mean of 30 mm TL. The average fish production potential of the reservoir was estimated at 77.15 kg ha−1 yr−1. The analysis revealed that fish yield from the reservoir progressively increased from 75.02 t to 297.39 t with a mean of 148.82 ± 69.45 t. The regression analysis between the stocking density and yield of stocked species showed an insignificant relation in the reservoir (R2 = 0.0873, p = 0.2495). The percentage change in the production of stocked species in comparison with the previous year was found to be negative for 12 years between 1998 and 2019 indicated an unstable trend. The finding indicated that low stocking density, very small size at stocking, the low conversion efficiency of the photosynthetic energy to fish (0.016%), and the dominance of catfishes were the major causes for the low fish productivity. We suggest greater stocking density of 500 fingerlings ha−1 yr−1, stocking of fingerlings (> 100 mm TL), in situ breeding and rearing in cages and pens, adoption of cage culture technology, and identification and conservation of the breeding ground of the Gangetic carps to optimize the management regime in utilizing the production potential of reservoirs vis-a-vis ensuring livelihood security and sustainability of the fishers.ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institut