5 research outputs found
Is a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation irreversible?
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94891/1/jgrd12573.pd
Reducing the risk of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation
The ability of mitigation to reduce the likelihood of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is explored given profound uncertainty in our understanding of climate sensitivity and THC processes. At the current time, uniform distributions across the ranges of this uncertainty puts the likelihood of a collapse sometime over the next 200 years at roughly 2 chances in 3 without mitigation from a single baseline emissions trajectory produced by the Nordhaus and Boyer DICE-99 economic model. The subjective likelihood declines with mitigation, and can be influenced by alternative prior distributions, but even the immediate imposition of extremely stringent climate policy would leave a 1 in 4 chance of a THC collapse in the uniform distribution case. Other representations of profound uncertainty are also explored. In all cases, waiting 30 years to act increases the odds of a collapse significantly
Response to the Comment by Hans-Martin Fussel
We are pleased that Fussel [2006] appreciates the reduced-form approach that we employed in our examination of the vulnerability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (the THC) to greenhouse-gas-induced increases in global-mean temperature and its sensitivity to a wide range of policy interventions in Yohe, et al. [2006], and we commend his careful and informed reading of our work. We hereby confirm his assumption that the underlying structure of the economic forcing and the characterization of the link between increased greenhouse-gas concentrations and changes in temperature is the same as the structure we employed in Yohe, et al. [2004].
We are, however, a little perplexed that he quibbles so vehemently about the quantitative results. The numbers that emerge from climate models, be they simple reduced-form representations of specific process like the one we used or complicated general circulation models of the sort Fussel sites as evidence, are never really to be taken as true representations of reality
Is a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation irreversible?
The analytical approach to the study of the sales activity of an enterprise in the confectionery market depends both on the socio-economic factors of the development of the regions themselves and on the degree of development of interregional ties. Within the framework of analytical procedures, it is possible to predict the economic parameters of the economic development of an enterprise, as well as the competitive specifics of territory coverage by channels and types of outlets that sell confectionery. An enterprise engaged in the sale of confectionery products constantly analyzes the current financial, economic and organizational state, depending on the forms and methods of product sales.The article discusses analytical approaches for analyzing: the evolution of the confectionery market and the infrastructure of the territory, the procurement volume (IN), the volume of shipments (OUT), inventories, sales dynamics by distribution channels and product categories, numerical distribution (%).For a comparative analysis, the trends of key indicators of the enterpriseβs development in the Central Black Earth Region are used, which allows determining the trend of sales change for the analyzed period, budget indicators of the βTambovβ direct sales branch, sales growth drivers in order to make adaptive organizational, economic and managerial decisions.The goal is to analyze the specifics of the confectionery market development, as well as the functioning problems of distribution channels and the sales of confectionery products of regional confectionery enterprises.Method or working methodology. The methodological basis was an integrated approach for the development of theoretical recommendations and practical measures to improve the tools for managing the development of the marketing system and the sale of confectionery products at the regional level.The methodology of the study included: personal and telephone surveys of experts in the confectionery market; authorβs monitoring of the wholesale and retail market conducted by the researcher; analysis of information materials provided by manufacturers of confectionery products, retail operators of the food market; analysis of statistical information, including Rosstat, Tambovstat, unions and industry associations of confectionery manufacturers (in particular , LLC βUnited Confectionersβ).Methods of descriptive statistics allowed to form quantitative and financial data on the stated problems and present them in tables and diagrams.The results. The study obtained the most informative quantitative and financial parameters showing the directions of organizational, structural and functional improvements in the management of regional confectionery enterprises, which will allow timely and adaptive modernization of the regional food market, distribution channels and sales of confectionery products.Scope of Results. It is advisable that the obtained results should be applied by business entities when forming the current marketing policies of organizations and enterprises of the confectionery market, regional and municipal authorities in developing regional development programs and improving the functioning of organizational structures in the system of regional and municipal management of food production and sales.Some of the conclusions and provisions of the article are applicable when forming the paragraphs of articles of the regional and federal legislative sphere laws.ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠΊ (IN), ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ (OUT), ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ (%). ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° (Π¦Π§Π ), ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄, Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Β«Π’Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ²Β», Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°: Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ; Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π’Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ
.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ