5 research outputs found

    Reducing the risk of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation

    No full text
    The ability of mitigation to reduce the likelihood of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is explored given profound uncertainty in our understanding of climate sensitivity and THC processes. At the current time, uniform distributions across the ranges of this uncertainty puts the likelihood of a collapse sometime over the next 200 years at roughly 2 chances in 3 without mitigation from a single baseline emissions trajectory produced by the Nordhaus and Boyer DICE-99 economic model. The subjective likelihood declines with mitigation, and can be influenced by alternative prior distributions, but even the immediate imposition of extremely stringent climate policy would leave a 1 in 4 chance of a THC collapse in the uniform distribution case. Other representations of profound uncertainty are also explored. In all cases, waiting 30 years to act increases the odds of a collapse significantly

    Response to the Comment by Hans-Martin Fussel

    No full text
    We are pleased that Fussel [2006] appreciates the reduced-form approach that we employed in our examination of the vulnerability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (the THC) to greenhouse-gas-induced increases in global-mean temperature and its sensitivity to a wide range of policy interventions in Yohe, et al. [2006], and we commend his careful and informed reading of our work. We hereby confirm his assumption that the underlying structure of the economic forcing and the characterization of the link between increased greenhouse-gas concentrations and changes in temperature is the same as the structure we employed in Yohe, et al. [2004]. We are, however, a little perplexed that he quibbles so vehemently about the quantitative results. The numbers that emerge from climate models, be they simple reduced-form representations of specific process like the one we used or complicated general circulation models of the sort Fussel sites as evidence, are never really to be taken as true representations of reality

    Is a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation irreversible?

    Get PDF
    The analytical approach to the study of the sales activity of an enterprise in the confectionery market depends both on the socio-economic factors of the development of the regions themselves and on the degree of development of interregional ties. Within the framework of analytical procedures, it is possible to predict the economic parameters of the economic development of an enterprise, as well as the competitive specifics of territory coverage by channels and types of outlets that sell confectionery. An enterprise engaged in the sale of confectionery products constantly analyzes the current financial, economic and organizational state, depending on the forms and methods of product sales.The article discusses analytical approaches for analyzing: the evolution of the confectionery market and the infrastructure of the territory, the procurement volume (IN), the volume of shipments (OUT), inventories, sales dynamics by distribution channels and product categories, numerical distribution (%).For a comparative analysis, the trends of key indicators of the enterprise’s development in the Central Black Earth Region are used, which allows determining the trend of sales change for the analyzed period, budget indicators of the β€œTambov” direct sales branch, sales growth drivers in order to make adaptive organizational, economic and managerial decisions.The goal is to analyze the specifics of the confectionery market development, as well as the functioning problems of distribution channels and the sales of confectionery products of regional confectionery enterprises.Method or working methodology. The methodological basis was an integrated approach for the development of theoretical recommendations and practical measures to improve the tools for managing the development of the marketing system and the sale of confectionery products at the regional level.The methodology of the study included: personal and telephone surveys of experts in the confectionery market; author’s monitoring of the wholesale and retail market conducted by the researcher; analysis of information materials provided by manufacturers of confectionery products, retail operators of the food market; analysis of statistical information, including Rosstat, Tambovstat, unions and industry associations of confectionery manufacturers (in particular , LLC β€œUnited Confectioners”).Methods of descriptive statistics allowed to form quantitative and financial data on the stated problems and present them in tables and diagrams.The results. The study obtained the most informative quantitative and financial parameters showing the directions of organizational, structural and functional improvements in the management of regional confectionery enterprises, which will allow timely and adaptive modernization of the regional food market, distribution channels and sales of confectionery products.Scope of Results. It is advisable that the obtained results should be applied by business entities when forming the current marketing policies of organizations and enterprises of the confectionery market, regional and municipal authorities in developing regional development programs and improving the functioning of organizational structures in the system of regional and municipal management of food production and sales.Some of the conclusions and provisions of the article are applicable when forming the paragraphs of articles of the regional and federal legislative sphere laws.АналитичСский ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ исслСдованию сбытовой Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ прСдприятия Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ΅ кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ зависит ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-экономичСских Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² развития самих Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ стСпСни развития ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… связСй. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… аналитичСских ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ экономичСскиС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹ хозяйствСнного развития прСдприятия, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ спСцифику покрытия Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊ, Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… кондитСрскиС издСлия. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ΡΡ сбытом ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, постоянно Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π΅ финансово-экономичСскоС ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ состояниС Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ аналитичСскиС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ провСдСния Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° производства кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ инфраструктуры Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΊ (IN), ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΡ‘ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΊ (OUT), Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ запасы, Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ сбыта ΠΈ катСгориям ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, числСнная дистрибуция (%). Для ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ развития прСдприятия Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ-Π§Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° (Π¦Π§Π ), Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ позволяСт ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ измСнСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄, Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° прямых ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Β«Π’Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΎΠ²Β», Π΄Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠ²Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹ роста ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ Π² цСлях принятия Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-экономичСских ΠΈ управлСнчСских Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ЦСль – Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· спСцифики развития Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ функционирования ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² сбыта ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ кондитСрской ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… кондитСрских прСдприятий.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ мСтодология провСдСния Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ послуТил комплСксный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ для Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ тСорСтичСских Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ практичСских мСроприятий ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ инструмСнтария управлСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ систСмы сбыта ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° провСдСния исслСдования прСдусматривала: Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ опросы экспСртов Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ; авторский ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Π΅ исслСдоватСлСм; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², прСдоставлСнных производитСлями кондитСрской ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· статистичСской ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Росстат, Вамбовстат, ΡΠΎΡŽΠ·Ρ‹ ΠΈ отраслСвыС ассоциации ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ кондитСрской ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ (Π² частности, Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ООО ΠžΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ‹). ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ статистики ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ количСствСнныС ΠΈ финансовыС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ заявлСнным ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡ… Π² Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ…, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ….Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ количСствСнныС ΠΈ финансовыС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ направлСния ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-структурных ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ кондитСрскими прСдприятиями, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ позволят своСврСмСнно ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² сбыта ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ кондитСрской ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ.ΠžΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ примСнСния Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ цСлСсообразно ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ…ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡƒΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ прСдприятий Ρ€Ρ‹Π½ΠΊΠ° кондитСрских ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ власти ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ составлСнии ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ развития ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ функционирования ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… структур Π² систСмС Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ управлСния производством ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡ‰Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. НСкоторыС Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ полоТСния ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² статСй Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ„Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ сфСры
    corecore