Sinapic acid prevents deregulated expression of cardiovascular genes.

<p>(A) Relative expression fold changes of TGF-β and β-MHC mRNAs in heart. (B) Relative expression negative fold change of eNOS mRNA in aorta. (C) Differential eNOS protein expression in aorta and its normalized value with β-actin. Values are expressed as means ± SD. All experiments were done in triplicates. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs control; ^#<i>P</i><0.05 vs L-NAME.</p

acid decreases total ROS and improves NO level in EA.hy926 cells.

<p>10 µM SA was pre-treated for 24 h prior to incubation of cells with 300 µM of H₂O₂ for 4 h. (A) Intracellular total ROS level was measured by the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA and the images were obtained by fluorescence microscopy. (B) NO level was measured by the fluorescent probe DAR-4M AM and the images were obtained by fluorescence microscopy. The representative images from three independent experiments are shown. (C) Total ROS fluorescence intensity value was calculated using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0. (D) Fluorescence intensity measurement against NO was calculated using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0. RFU: Relative Fluorescence Unit. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs control; ^#<i>P</i><0.05 vs H₂O₂.</p

Sinapic acid improved cardiovascular function in experimental hypertensive rats.

<p>(A) Evaluation of ventricular function in heart of various experimental groups. (B) Cumulative concentration-response curves of Ach induced relaxation in endothelium-intact aortic rings. (C) Cumulative concentration-response curves of SNP induced relaxation in endothelium-intact aortic rings. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 6 per group. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs control; ^#<i>P</i><0.05 vs L-NAME.</p

Sinapic acid restores nitric oxide metabolites level and ACE activity in experimental hypertensive rats.

<p>(A) Estimation of nitric oxide metabolites level in various experimental groups. (B) Assessment of ACE activity in various experimental groups. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. n = 6 per group. ^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs control; ^#<i>P</i><0.05 vs L-NAME.</p

Sinapic acid prevented oxidative stress.

<p>U^*  =  enzyme concentration required to inhibit the chromogen produced by 50% in one minute under standard condition. U^#  =  μM of H₂O₂ consumed/minute. U^$  =  μg of GSH utilized/minute. Values are expressed as mean ± SD.</p><p>^*<i>P</i><0.05 vs control;</p>#<p><i>P</i><0.05 vs L-NAME; n  =  6 per group.</p><p>Sinapic acid prevented oxidative stress.</p