Fatores modeladores da composição e da diversidade de espécies herbáceo-arbustivas em veredas no Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, 2017.O padrão de composição e distribuição das espécies de plantas na natureza e os mecanismos que os explicam são fenômenos que intrigam os cientistas, por isso são constantemente investigados. Conhecer e analisar a vegetação, avaliar suas interações com o ambiente e com o espaço, é importante para desvendar como são esses padrões e como funcionam esses mecanismos. Por exercerem funções ecológicas essenciais em nível ecológico global, atuando na fauna, na flora, no solo e nos ciclos hidrológicos, o estudo de ambientes úmidos é indispensável. Veredas são comunidades úmidas interessantes, com vegetação majoritariamente herbáceo-arbustiva, que se destacam por serem manchas úmidas circundadas por savanas com solos bem drenados e que desempenham importantes funções ecológicas no Cerrado brasileiro. Estes ecossistemas são pouco estudados em relação a sua diversidade e aos fatores que moldaram sua vegetação herbáceo-arbustiva. Nesse contexto, buscamos avaliar a riqueza, composição e diversidade de espécies herbáceo-arbustiva nas veredas do Cerrado brasileiro e avaliar qual a contribuição da influência do componente espacial e ambiental na distribuição e composição da flora herbáceo-arbustiva, levando em consideração a escala espacial regional. Observamos que as veredas apresentaram padrão de distribuição heterogêneo, por diferirem localmente e entre si em relação à riqueza, composição, cobertura e diversidade de espécies. Concluímos que a vegetação herbáceo-arbustiva dessas comunidades é moldada simultaneamente por processos neutros e de nicho, por ser fortemente influenciada pelo componente ambiental (clima, propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e altitude) e também pelo ambiente estruturado no espaço, considerando a escala regional. O fato de comunidades de vereda serem sensíveis a distúrbios ressalta o valor e a necessidade da conservação de sua flora e do ambiente onde elas se encontram.Plant species composition and distribution patterns in nature and the mechanisms that explains them intrigues the scientists and that is why they are constantly investigated. To know and to study the vegetation, to examine their interactions with the environment and with space is important to find out how these patterns are and how these mechanisms work. Studying wetlands is crucial because of their importance in an ecologically global level, considering their ecological function when acting on the fauna, flora, soil and on the hydrological cycles. Veredas (Brazilian palm swamps) are interesting wetlands, with a herb-shrub vegetation, distinguished for being wet spots surrounded by savannas with well-drained soils and for playing an important role in the Brazilian Cerrado. Their diversity and the drivers that shape their herb-shrub vegetation are poorly studied. Therefore, we evaluated the richness, composition and diversity of the herb-shrub flora in and within the veredas of the Brazilian Cerrado. We also evaluated what was the contribution of the spatial and environmental components to the distribution and composition of the veredas’ herb-shrub flora, considering the regional spatial scale. We observed that the veredas showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern, because they differed locally and among themselves in relation to species richness, composition, coverage and diversity. Thus, our results indicated that herb-shrub flora of these wetlands is shaped by neutral and niche processes, for they are strongly influenced by the environmental component (climate, physicochemical properties of soil and altitude) and also by the spatial component of environment, considering the regional scale. The fact that the veredas are sensitive to disturbances underscores the need to preserve their flora and the environment where they are located

Spatially structured soil properties and climate explain distribution patterns of herbaceous-shrub species in the Cerrado

We evaluated the influence of soil properties, climate, and space on the distribution of herbaceous-shrub species in the Cerrado biome. We determined species composition, cover, and richness along 25 line transects in Cerrado (savanna-like vegetation) in three protected areas with different soil types and altitudes. Soil physicochemical properties, climate, and geographic coordinates were included in the analysis as species distribution predictors. We observed high species richness in all sites, especially in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (PNCV) and the Brasília National Park (PNB), with over 200 species each. Only 16% of the species were recorded in all sites, indicating high species turnover for Cerrado herbaceous-shrub layer. The transformation-based redundancy analysis indicated that differences in the herbaceous-shrub flora were associated with soil physicochemical properties and climate. Species composition was primarily influenced by higher annual precipitation for PNCV, by the highest clay content and soil pH for PNB, and by greater annual mean temperature for Terra Ronca State Park (PETER). Soil, climate, and their spatially structured fraction explained herbaceous-shrub species distribution in the Cerrado (43.6%). The spatial variation which is not correlated to the environment adds only 4.5% to the model. Taken together, our findings provide a basis for understanding the distribution patterns of herbaceous-shrub species across climate, soil, and geographic distance. These findings are critical for the development of strategies to protect biodiversity and endangered species in the Cerrado, especially in the region most threatened by deforestation (PETER)

Is the herb-shrub composition of veredas (Brazilian palm swamps) distinguishable?

<div><p>ABSTRACT Vereda (Brazilian palm swamp) is a poorly known savannic phytophysiognomy that occurs on moist soils with high herb-shrub floristic richness. This study aimed to document the herb-shrub species of veredas of the Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins - EESGTO, and compare this flora with other veredas in Brazil. Furthermore, we assessed the similarity of the herb-shrub flora of the studied veredas with that of inventories of other savannas and grasslands in order to evaluate whether veredas possess an exclusive flora. Ordination analysis was performed to understand the floristic relationship among these areas. We recorded 213 species, 105 genera and 49 families at EESGTO, including five new floral records for the Cerrado and 78 for the state of Tocantins. The floristic similarity among veredas at EESGTO and the other sites was low. For all sites, a total of 1,324 species were recorded, of which 342 were unique to veredas and 187 unique to moist grasslands (campos limpos úmidos). After reviewing databases, 14.3 % of these species remained exclusive to veredas and moist grasslands. The ordination analysis indicated a gradient in floristic composition from wet to dry phytophysiognomies. In conclusion, we recognize a flora that distinguishes veredas from other Cerrado phytophysiognomies.</p></div

Avaliação da adequação técnica de indústrias de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Assessment of the technical adequacy of phytotherapeutics and officinal medicine manufacturers in the State of Rio de Janeiro

Neste trabalho, buscou-se determinar o perfil de indústrias farmacêuticas dedicadas à fabricação e fracionamento de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais no Estado do Rio de Janeiro por informações do CVS-RJ. Foram identificadas 48 empresas com atividades relacionadas à fabricação e/ou fracionamento e distribuição de medicamentos oficinais e fitoterápicos e analisadas no grau de adequação à legislação sanitária vigente, cumprimento de boas práticas de fabricação vigentes, bem como às questões relacionadas ao registro de produtos; as principais irregularidades foram o fluxo de pessoal e controle de qualidade adequado. Constatou-se que há atualmente empresas em situação: satisfatória (29,2%), satisfatórias com restrições (10,4%), insatisfatórias (6,2%), interditadas (39,6%), e solicitantes do cancelamento do processo por não terem condições para o cumprimento da RDC nº 210/03 (14,6%). Segundo o quadro atual, ainda é grande o número de empresas com atividades relacionadas à fabricação e/ou fracionamento e distribuição de medicamentos fitoterápicos e oficinais em fase de adequação ou em condições não adequadas no Rio de Janeiro. Ao mesmo tempo, é pouco factível a adequação, frente ao tipo de produto e porte financeiro, apontando um prognóstico desfavorável para o setor em questão.<br>In this study we evaluated the current profile of manufacturers of officinal medicines and phytotherapeutics in relation to the Brazilian regulatory legislation. Forty-eight industries involved in manufacture and distribution of officinal medicines and phytotherapeutics were identified in one hundred current administrative processes of the National Health Surveillance Agency in Brazil. The analysis of the inspection reports of these companies considered the first nine months after the implantation of Resolution RDC 210/03 and revealed five specific company profiles: satisfactory (29.2%), satisfactory with restrictions (10.4%), unsatisfactory (6.2%), interdicted (39.6%), and applying for cancellation due to lack of conditions for complying with Resolution RDC 210/03 (14.6%). The main irregularities found in these companies involved the operational flow, quality control and product registration issues. Our results revealed a great number of companies whose activities are related to the production of officinal medicines and phytotherapeutics but that are still not totally adequate to the industrial park of Rio de Janeiro. The perspectives for the future of this category of industries are thus not favorable because of their difficulties to meet the current requirements

Is the herb-shrub composition of veredas (Brazilian palm swamps) distinguishable?

<div><p>ABSTRACT Vereda (Brazilian palm swamp) is a poorly known savannic phytophysiognomy that occurs on moist soils with high herb-shrub floristic richness. This study aimed to document the herb-shrub species of veredas of the Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins - EESGTO, and compare this flora with other veredas in Brazil. Furthermore, we assessed the similarity of the herb-shrub flora of the studied veredas with that of inventories of other savannas and grasslands in order to evaluate whether veredas possess an exclusive flora. Ordination analysis was performed to understand the floristic relationship among these areas. We recorded 213 species, 105 genera and 49 families at EESGTO, including five new floral records for the Cerrado and 78 for the state of Tocantins. The floristic similarity among veredas at EESGTO and the other sites was low. For all sites, a total of 1,324 species were recorded, of which 342 were unique to veredas and 187 unique to moist grasslands (campos limpos úmidos). After reviewing databases, 14.3 % of these species remained exclusive to veredas and moist grasslands. The ordination analysis indicated a gradient in floristic composition from wet to dry phytophysiognomies. In conclusion, we recognize a flora that distinguishes veredas from other Cerrado phytophysiognomies.</p></div