Estimation of subnational tuberculosis burden: generation and application of a new tool in Indonesia.

SETTING: In many high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries, there is substantial geographical heterogeneity in TB burden. In addition, decisions on TB funding and policy are highly decentralised. Subnational estimates of burden, however, are usually unavailable for planning and target setting.OBJECTIVE and DESIGN: We developed a statistical model termed SUBsET to estimate the distribution of the national TB incidence through a weighted score using selected variables, and applied the model to the 514 districts in Indonesia, which have substantial policy and budgetary autonomy in TB. Estimated incidence was compared to reported facility and domicile-based notifications to estimate the case detection rate (CDR). Local stakeholders led model development and dissemination.RESULTS: The final SUBsET model included district population size, level of urbanisation, socio-economic indicators (living floor space and high school completion), human immunodeficiency virus prevalence and air pollution. We estimated district-level TB incidence to be between 201 and 2,485/100 000/year. The facility-based CDR varied between 0 and 190%, with high variation between neighbouring districts, suggesting strong cross-district health utilisation, which was confirmed by domicile-based CDR estimation. SUBsET results informed district-level TB action plans across Indonesia.CONCLUSION: The SUBsET model could be used to estimate the subnational burden in high-burden countries and inform TB policymaking at the relevant decentralised administrative level

Cytosolic NADPH balancing in Penicillium chrysogenum cultivated on mixtures of glucose and ethanol

The in vivo flux through the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) in Penicillium chrysogenum was determined during growth in glucose/ethanol carbon-limited chemostat cultures, at the same growth rate. Non-stationary 13C flux analysis was used to measure the oxPPP flux. A nearly constant oxPPP flux was found for all glucose/ethanol ratios studied. This indicates that the cytosolic NADPH supply is independent of the amount of assimilated ethanol. The cofactor assignment in the model of van Gulik et al. (Biotechnol Bioeng 68(6):602–618, 2000) was supported using the published genome annotation of P. chrysogenum. Metabolic flux analysis showed that NADPH requirements in the cytosol remain nearly the same in these experiments due to constant biomass growth. Based on the cytosolic NADPH balance, it is known that the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase in P. chrysogenum is NAD +  dependent. Metabolic modeling shows that changing the NAD + -aldehyde dehydrogenase to NADP + -aldehyde dehydrogenase can increase the penicillin yield on substrate

Female Audit Partners and Extended Audit Reporting: UK Evidence

This study investigates whether audit partner gender is associated with the extent of auditor disclosure and the communication style regarding risks of material misstatements that are classified as key audit matters (KAMs). Using a sample of UK firms during the 2013–2017 period, our results suggest that female audit partners are more likely than male audit partners to disclose more KAMs with more details after controlling for both client and audit firm attributes. Furthermore, female audit partners are found to use a less optimistic tone and provide less readable audit reports, compared to their male counterparts, suggesting that behavioural variances between female and male audit partners may have significant implications on their writing style. Therefore, this study offers new insights on the role of audit partner gender in extended audit reporting. Our findings have important implications for audit firms, investors, policymakers and governments in relation to the development, implementation and enforcement of gender diversity

The Influence of Transformational Leadershipof Principals and Teacher Achievement Motivation on Teacher Teaching Performance At SMA Dirgantara Center

This research aims to findout the influence of transformational leadership and motivation to excel on teacher teaching performance at Dirgantara Senior High School Center. The population in the study was teachers at SMA Dirgantara Center which numbered 34 teachers, while the sample determination technique was. So the sample in this study was 34 people. This type of research is quantitative research. Quantitative research is a study that aims to find out the degree of relationship and pattern/form of influence between two or more variables, where by this research will be built a theory that serves to explain, predict and control a symptom. As for the data sources in this study from primary data and secondary data. Where is the primary data from observations, interviews and questionnaires? While secondary data can be from documented data. Test results (t) or partial tests show that transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on teacher teaching performance as well as motivational variables that also have a positive and significant effect on teacher teaching performance. Simultaneously transformational leadership and motivation of achievement havea positive and significant impact on the teaching performance of teachers. The result of determination is obtained a correlation regression value of 0.770, meaning that together transformational leadership and motivation to excel against the teaching performance of teachers at SMA Dirgantara Center has contributed to a close and positive level. Then the determination coefficient (R2) is 0.566 (56.6%). So it can be said that 56.6% variation of bound variables i.e. transformational leadership and motivation to excel on the model has a contribution to teacher teaching performance at SMA Dirgantara Center while the remaining 43.4% is influenced by other variables outside the model

Pertanian mandiri

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