Evaluation of central venous pressure in ruminants

Central venous pressure is determined by complex interactions of blood volume, cardiac pumping action and alteration in vascular bed. The CVP was measured in 10 sheep, 10 goats and 13 cattle of both sexes. Animals were clinically healthy and measurement was made through jugular vein in standing position (sheep, goat and cattle) and right lateral recumbency (sheep and goat). The sternal manubrium and scapulo-humeral joint were used as zero reference point in lateral recumbency and standing position, respectively. Each measurement was repeated three times. Measured CVP was significantly higher in sheep (3.40 ± 0.15 cm H2O) compared to cattle (2.31 ± 0.15 cm H2O) and goat (1.25 ± 0.14 cm H2O). The interspecies difference was also significant. The CVP was significantly higher in female animals (P<0.05). No significant difference was found between lateral recumbency and standing position. CVP measurement in animals suffering from dehydration or heart failure has provided useful information regarding disease status. Approximately 40 jugular catheterizations were performed in this study without any side effects or complications. CVP measurement is a simple procedure and requires no sophisticated equipment. It can provide information regarding cardiovascular disease, evaluation of treatment and prognosis

Klinička prosudba sedativnih svojstava acepromazin-ksilazina u kombinaciji s atropinom i njihov učinak na fiziološke vrijednosti temperature, bila i disanja u pasa.

The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the sedative effects of different doses of acepromazinexylazine combinations with or without atropine in dogs. One hundred and twenty dogs of various breeds and both sexes were used in a prospective randomized, blinded clinical study. Dogs, presented to the Veterinary Clinic for various diagnostic and surgical procedures, were randomly divided into four groups (n=30/group) and received the following drug combinations intramuscularly: Group AX: acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (0.5 mg kg-1), Group AXA: Acepromazine (0.05 mg kg 1) + Xylazine (0.5 mg kg-1) + Atropine (0.04 mg kg-1) Group LA HX: Acepromazine (Low dose: 0.03 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (High dose: 0.8 mg kg-1), Group HA-LX: Acepromazine (High dose: 0.08 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (Low dose: 0.3 mg kg-1). Heart and respiratory rates, electrocardiogram and rectal temperature were recorded before drug injection (baseline) and during maximum sedation. Sedation was scored using descriptive categories. Heart rate significantly decreased from the baseline following sedation in the AX, LA-HX and HA-LX groups. A significant reduction in respiratory rate was observed in all treatment groups. The median sedation score did not differ significantly between the groups; however, the quality of sedation was enhanced when atropine was added to the acepromazine-xylazine combination and a higher number of dogs were assigned score 3 in AXA group. No adverse effects were recorded during the study. The acepromazine-xylazine combination, particularly with atropine, can be used effectively for sedation and premedication before general anaesthesia in healthy dogs.Svrha ovog rada bila je klinički procijeniti sedativne učinke različitih doza acepromazin-ksilazina u kombinaciji s atropinom u pasa. Istraživanje je bilo provedeno na 120 nasumce odabranih pasa različitih pasmina obaju spolova s dvostruko slijepim probama. Psi su bili klinički obrađivani na jednoj veterinarskoj klinici zbog potrebe za različitim dijagnostičkim i kirurškim pregledima. Za potrebe istraživanja bili su podijeljeni u četiri skupine (30 pasa po skupini), a po skupinama su intramuskularno dobivali sljedeće kombinacije lijekova: skupina AX dobivala je acepromazin (0,05 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (0,5 mg kg-1), skupina AXA dobivala je acepromazin (0,05 mg kg-1), ksilazin (0,5 mg kg-1) i atropin (0,04 mg kg-1), skupina LA-HX dobivala je acepromazin (malu dozu od 0,03 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (veliku dozu od 0,8 mg kg-1), a skupina HA-LX acepromazin (veliku dozu od 0,08 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (malu dozu od 0,3 mg kg-1). Vrijednosti bila, frekvencije disanja, elektrokardiograma i rektalne temperature bile su izmjerene prije davanja sedativa te za vrijeme maksimalne sedacije. Sedacija je bila bodovana opisno. Vrijednosti bila značajno su se smanjile nakon sedacije u pasa skupina AX, LA HX i HALX. Značajno smanjena frekvencija disanja bila je zabilježena u svim skupinama. Srednji broj bodova sedacije nije se značajno razlikovao među skupinama, ali je kvaliteta sedacije bila bolja kada je atropin bio dodan kombinaciji acepromazin-ksilazin te su tri boda bila dodijeljena većem broju pasa u skupini AXA. Nuspojave nisu bile zabilježene. Kombinacija acepromazin-ksilazin, osobito s atropinom, može se rabiti za učinkovitu sedaciju i premedikaciju prije opće anestezije u zdravih pasa

Brachial plexus block using lidocaine/epinephrine or lidocaine/xylazine in fat-tailed sheep

This blinded, randomized experimental study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for brachial plexus block (BPB) in sheep. Nine healthy, fat-tailed female lambs (26.6 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly allocated into three groups: lidocaine 2%, 5 mg kg-1 (LID, n = 6), lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with epinephrine 5 μg mL-1 (LIDEP, n = 6) or lidocaine (5 mg kg-1) with xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1 (LIDXY, n = 6). Each animal was tested twice. The sheep received a total volume of 0.25 mL kg-1 for BPB. A nerve stimulator was used to locate the nerves of the brachial plexus. Onset and duration of analgesia of the forelimb were evaluated using superficial and deep pin prick and pinching of skin with a hemostat clamp. Heart and respiratory rates, and rectal temperature were recorded before and at predetermined intervals following the completion of the block. Brachial administration of LID, LIDEP or LIDXY produced forelimb analgesia within 11.3, 11.0 and 7.0 minutes, respectively. The mean duration of analgesia was 100.0 min in LID and 133.2 min in LIDEP group. The mean duration of analgesia in LIDXY group (186.8 min) was significantly longer compared with LID group. In LIDEP group a significant increase in heart rate occurred 5 min after drug administration. Heart rate decreased from 35 to 80 min in sheep received LIDXY. In conclusion, the addition of xylazine to lidocaine solution for BBP provided a prolonged duration of action without any adverse effects in fat-tailed sheep

Klinička prosudba sedativnih svojstava acepromazin-ksilazina u kombinaciji s atropinom i njihov učinak na fiziološke vrijednosti temperature, bila i disanja u pasa.

The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the sedative effects of different doses of acepromazinexylazine combinations with or without atropine in dogs. One hundred and twenty dogs of various breeds and both sexes were used in a prospective randomized, blinded clinical study. Dogs, presented to the Veterinary Clinic for various diagnostic and surgical procedures, were randomly divided into four groups (n=30/group) and received the following drug combinations intramuscularly: Group AX: acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (0.5 mg kg-1), Group AXA: Acepromazine (0.05 mg kg 1) + Xylazine (0.5 mg kg-1) + Atropine (0.04 mg kg-1) Group LA HX: Acepromazine (Low dose: 0.03 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (High dose: 0.8 mg kg-1), Group HA-LX: Acepromazine (High dose: 0.08 mg kg-1) + Xylazine (Low dose: 0.3 mg kg-1). Heart and respiratory rates, electrocardiogram and rectal temperature were recorded before drug injection (baseline) and during maximum sedation. Sedation was scored using descriptive categories. Heart rate significantly decreased from the baseline following sedation in the AX, LA-HX and HA-LX groups. A significant reduction in respiratory rate was observed in all treatment groups. The median sedation score did not differ significantly between the groups; however, the quality of sedation was enhanced when atropine was added to the acepromazine-xylazine combination and a higher number of dogs were assigned score 3 in AXA group. No adverse effects were recorded during the study. The acepromazine-xylazine combination, particularly with atropine, can be used effectively for sedation and premedication before general anaesthesia in healthy dogs.Svrha ovog rada bila je klinički procijeniti sedativne učinke različitih doza acepromazin-ksilazina u kombinaciji s atropinom u pasa. Istraživanje je bilo provedeno na 120 nasumce odabranih pasa različitih pasmina obaju spolova s dvostruko slijepim probama. Psi su bili klinički obrađivani na jednoj veterinarskoj klinici zbog potrebe za različitim dijagnostičkim i kirurškim pregledima. Za potrebe istraživanja bili su podijeljeni u četiri skupine (30 pasa po skupini), a po skupinama su intramuskularno dobivali sljedeće kombinacije lijekova: skupina AX dobivala je acepromazin (0,05 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (0,5 mg kg-1), skupina AXA dobivala je acepromazin (0,05 mg kg-1), ksilazin (0,5 mg kg-1) i atropin (0,04 mg kg-1), skupina LA-HX dobivala je acepromazin (malu dozu od 0,03 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (veliku dozu od 0,8 mg kg-1), a skupina HA-LX acepromazin (veliku dozu od 0,08 mg kg-1) i ksilazin (malu dozu od 0,3 mg kg-1). Vrijednosti bila, frekvencije disanja, elektrokardiograma i rektalne temperature bile su izmjerene prije davanja sedativa te za vrijeme maksimalne sedacije. Sedacija je bila bodovana opisno. Vrijednosti bila značajno su se smanjile nakon sedacije u pasa skupina AX, LA HX i HALX. Značajno smanjena frekvencija disanja bila je zabilježena u svim skupinama. Srednji broj bodova sedacije nije se značajno razlikovao među skupinama, ali je kvaliteta sedacije bila bolja kada je atropin bio dodan kombinaciji acepromazin-ksilazin te su tri boda bila dodijeljena većem broju pasa u skupini AXA. Nuspojave nisu bile zabilježene. Kombinacija acepromazin-ksilazin, osobito s atropinom, može se rabiti za učinkovitu sedaciju i premedikaciju prije opće anestezije u zdravih pasa