Optimization of Indirect Regeneration in Anthuriumscherzerianum

Introduction: Anthurium is a popular genus of the Araceae (order Spathiflorae).The flower consists of a protruding spadix containing numerous florets, subtended by a brightly colored modified leaf, the spathe. Anthuriums are bisexual and protogynous.Anthuriumscherzerianum as the most important species ofAnthurium genus is a potted perennial plant. Due to having beautiful, attractive and long-life flowers, A. scherzerianum can be used for the production of pot and cut flowers. Tissue culture is suggested as the most commonly method in order to rapid propagation and removing disease in a short period of time. This method also recommended for Anthuriumbecause of problems in classical propagation method of this flower..The three basic propagation methods for Anthuriumare propagation by seed, traditional vegetative and tissue culture.Micropropagation of Anthurium is using forcommercial production. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of plant growth regulators and explants on indirect regeneration of A. scherzerianumdetermined in separate experiments. In the first experiment, callogenesis was done by leaf explants on MS medium containing growth regulators, BA in three concentrations (0.5, 1.25 and 2 mg/l) in combination with 2, 4-D (0.5, 1.25 and 2 mg/l) or NAA (0.5, 1.25 and 2 mg/l) and the combinations of TDZ (0.5, 1.25 and 2 mg/l) with 2, 4-D (0, 0.5 mg/l). In the second experiment, regeneration was done on MS medium containing 0.75 mg/l BA with 0.05 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.1 mg/l NAA and also in combination with TDZ (0.75mg/l). For rooting, MS medium containing different concentrations of IBA and IAA (0, 0.2 and 1 mg/l) were used. Callus induction, regeneration and rooting experiments were done based on completely randomized design, with 12, 6 and 6 replications, respectively.Data from all the schemes used in this study were analyzed with SAS statistical software. The comparison of means using Duncan's multiple range test was evaluated at the 5% level. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that the effect of explant type and hormone combinations was significant on the percentage of callogenesis, callus volume and survival percentage. The interaction effect of explant type and combination of hormones was also significant on percentage of callogenesisand the volume of callus. Means comparisons showed that the highest callogenesis, viability and callus volume were achieved on MS medium containing 2 mg/l of BA and 0.5 mg/l of 2, 4-D. Petiole explants, also produced the highest percentage of callus (95%), survival rate (96%) and callus with dimensions of 6 mm2. Callus formation in leaf vein explants was higher than others. The effect of explant type and hormone combinations on regeneration, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf length was significant.The interaction of explant and hormone combinations on regeneration, number of branches, number of leaves and leaf length was also significant. Moreover, results of regeneration experiment indicated that the maximum number of shoots (6.9) and the maximum shoot length (5 cm), number of leaves (18) and the leaf length (2.8 mm) were achieved in 0.75 mg/l BA mg/l of and 0.05 mg/l 2, 4-D. In this study, petiole explants were also regenerated earlier than leaf explants.The effect of hormone combinations and concentrations was significant on rooting specially on the number of roots and root length.Furthermore, results of rooting experiment revealed that the highest rooting percentage (95%), the maximum number of roots (4.5 per plantlet) and the longest roots (3.5 cm) were produced in the medium containing 0.2 mg/l of IBA. Finally, the rooted plantlets were adapted (90%) in vivo condition by placing them on a mixture of cocopeat and perlite (2:1) substrate. Conclusion: In this study callugensis, regeneration and rooting of A.scherzerianum’s petiole and leaf explants were studied and different levels of plant growth regulators used for callugensis and regeneration. In this study petiole explants showed the highest callugenesis and regeneration. MS medium containing BA (2 mg/l) and 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/l), was the best for callugenesis. Also the highest percentage of regeneration was observed in medium containing BA (0.75 mg/l) and 2, 4-D (0.05 mg/l). Moreover low concentration (0.2 mg/l) of auxin has a better effect on rooting than high levels (1mg/l) so that the highest rooting percentage was produced in medium containing IBA (0.2 mg/l) and the lowest rooting percentage was produced in medium containing IAA (1 mg/l). Anthurium plantlets acclimized is cocopeat and perlite substrate (2: 1) with 90% acclimation

Efficient Regeneration of �Caralis� Alstroemeria Cultivar from Rhizome Explants

In this paper, the effects of a number of growth regulators as well as supplements to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium were evaluated on the regeneration of Alstroemeria rhizome explants. In the first experiment the effects of three cytokinins (BA, TDZ and 2IP each at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) in combination with NAA (0.2 mg/l), followed by another PGR combination of 2IP (at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) with NAA (0 and 0.2 mg/l), on regeneration of rhizome-derived explants, was investigated. Through the second experiment, the effects of a number of supplements, including glucose (30 g/l as the alternative for sucrose), casein hydrolysate (1 g/l), asparagine and glutamine, (each at 30 mg/l) added to MS medium, containing 1 mg/l BA and 0.2 mg/l NAA, was examined on rhizome explants� regeneration. Among the tested cytokinins, BA induced better regeneration of rhizome explants, resulting in a higher number of shoots compared to the other cytokinins. A medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 0.2 mg/l NAA proved to be the most effective, with an average of 4.16 regenerated shoots per explant. In the second PGR combination, addition of NAA at 0.2 mg/l improved regeneration, compared to NAA-free treatments. In the second experiment, glucose substitution for sucrose improved regeneration with an average of 5.10 regenerated shoots per explant, compared to 4.16 shoots in sucrose-containing medium; whereas glutamine and asparagine (with 2.66 shoots) and casein hydrolysate (with 3.80 shoots) showed a negative influence on rhizome explants� regeneration

Molecular detection of some plant and non-plant frauds in commercial saffron using ITS marker

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most valuable food additive in the world which little production and high price of it caused some adulterations such as plant and chemical material similar to saffron. There are several methods for detecting these fraudulent based on morphological and chemical tests but they are not effective in some cases. In this research a novel molecular method based on ITS-2 marker is introduced. A common forward primer based on 5.8s rDNA for all plant frauds such as safflower, corn stigmas, pomegranate, turmeric and capsicum slices was designed then specific reverse primers based on ITS-2 for any frauds have been designed for polymerase chain reaction. Related ITS-2 bands were amplified in any adulterations in saffron. Specific primer for camel and cow meet fibers was designed based on cytochrome b gene and could amplified the related bands. Multiplex PCR with all of these primers could amplify all of the bands related to any adulterations. Furthermore, using 20% polyacrylamide gel lead to good segregation of bands. This method can be used successfully for detection of low percentage (1%) of fraudulent in saffron. So this marker can be used efficiently for detection of these frauds in commercial saffron

Comparison the Effect of Ferutinin and 17β-Estradiol on Bone Mineralization of Developing Zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) Larvae

There is an urgent need to develop novel drugs for osteoporosis which occurs due to estrogen deficiency. Phytoestrogens derived from medicinal plants would be the best alternative to chemical drugs with harmful side effects. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ferutinin compared to 17β-estradiol (E2) on bone mineralization of zebrafish larvae. Regarding the lack of publications, the histology analysis was performed after exposure to E2 to find effective treatment on bone mineralization of developing zebrafish larvae. Then, the larvae were exposed to four concentrations of ferutinin at three time points to assess the mortality, the expression of some related genes and histology of the ceratohyal and hyomandibular of treated larvae. The RT-PCR result of the treatment groups demonstrated the similar expression pattern in the larvae which were exposed to 1.25 μg/mL of ferutinin and 2 µM of E2 at 2 dpf, which confirmed the result of histology analysis. In addition, RT-qPCR of high concentration of ferutinin and E2 demonstrated that bmp2a/b and esr1 were downregulated and upregulated when the larvae were exposed to 5 μg/mL of ferutinin and 10 µM of E2, respectively

Physiological and Biochemical Changes Induced by UV-B Radiation in Rosemary Plants Grown Under Salinity Stress

Plants are exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation due to use of sunlight for photosynthesis. Additionally, salinity in soil or water influences the plant productivity and quality considerably. Moreover, when plants are simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses, one form of stress can affect the response to other stress. Particularly, it has been shown that they can benefit from dual tolerance as salinity and UV-B radiation are applied together. In order to understand the effects of UV-B radiation and salinity stress on some physiological and biochemical parameters, one-year-old cuttings of rosemary plants were grown under different levels of ultraviolet B radiation (0, 4.32 and 6.05 kJ m-2 d-1) and salinity stress (control, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl). The results showed that 4.32 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-B treatment significantly increased plant biomass up to 17.9% as compared to control. However, by increasing salinity to 150 mM, plant biomass significantly decreased up to 18.1%, as compared to control. Regardless of UV-B treatments, plants, grown under 100 mM salinity stress, had produced 2.8 times higher total phenolic compounds (TPC) and also have greater antioxidant activity (33.1%) in comparison to control. Both treatments, enhanced UV-B radiation and salinity stress, significantly increased the concentration of proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondealdehyde (MDA). In relation of total soluble sugar (TSS) and ion content, both treatments acted in an opposing manner. In turn, the enhanced UV-B radiation decreased concentration of TSS and the Na+ content in leaves, salinity stress increased the concentration of TSS, as well as the Na+ content in leaves and root. The plants grown under 150 mM salinity level accumulated 5.32 and 2.83 times higher Na+ ions in leaves and roots, respectively, than control. In addition, salinity significantly decreased the relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments and K+ content in leaves and roots. The interaction between UV-B irradiation and salinity showed that the UV-B radiation improved the K+ content in leaves, RWC and membrane stability and consequently resulted in a better tolerance of rosemary to salinity

Visual Quality and Morphological Responses of Rosemary Plants to UV-B Radiation and Salinity Stress

In order to understand the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and salinity stress on visual quality and morphological parameters, one-year-old seedlings of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were grown under three UV-B levels (0, 4.32, 6.05 kJ m-2 d-1) and four salinity regimes (Control, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that, enhanced UV-B radiation increased visual quality, growth index, plant biomass, shoot/root ratio, number of branches and leaves, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf thickness. UV-B radiation had no significant effect on root length, however, shoot height, length of axillary shoots, length of inter node, leaf area, leaf length and width and concentration of chlorophyll b were negatively impacted by UV-B radiation. On the other hand, salinity caused significant decrease in plant biomass, root length, shoot height, shoot/root ratio, length of axillary shoots, length of inter node, number of branches and leaf area, leaf area index, leaf length and width, leaf fresh and dry weight, specific leaf area and concentration of Photosynthetic pigments. But, number leaves and leaf thickness significantly increased under NaCl salinity treatments. Visual quality and growth index were hardly affected by increasing salinity until 100 mM, but declined clearly at 150 mM NaCl salinity. Interaction between UV-B irradiation and salinity showed that, pre-treatment with UV-B irradiation alleviated harmful effects of NaCl and improved visual quality rosemary plants