Graph of the New Elements of Fuzzy Topographic Topological Mapping

البناء الخرائطي للرسم البياني الكروكي ((FTTM هو عبارة عن نموزج لحل المسائل المعنطيسية العصبية المعكوسة وهو يتكون من اربع فراغات تبوغرافية ترتبط بثلاث اشكال متشابة . وهى مستوى الرسم المغنطيسي مستوى (M1) الاساس المعنطيسي مستوى (B1) ومستوى الحقل المغنطيسى المشوش (F1). والحقل المغنطيسى التبوغرفى (T1) .وتم تصميم (FTTM) لايجاد منظور ثلاثى لمصدر تيار واحد غير محدودة (FTTM1) و (FTTM2) صمم خصيصا لايجاد بني تبوغرافية مثيلة. بمعني انه يوجد شكل واحد مماثل بين كل من (FTTM1) و (FTTM2) . اذا وجد عنصر (n) من (FTTM) يكون عدد ارقام العناصر(n-n^4). واخيرا تم استخدام مفهوم المعادلات التفاضلية لايجاد صيغ مقلغة مكافئة للصيغة المتواترة

Improving the efficiency of repair-technical service of production by using the concept of total productive maintenance

Материалы XVIII Междунар. науч.-техн. конф. студентов, аспирантов и молодых ученых, Гомель, 26–27 апр. 2018 г

Water Supply from Turkey to Cyprus Island with Suspended Marine Pipeline

More than 90% of the water requirement for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC/KKTC) was being supplied from groundwater resources, while the rest was being provided from surface waters and seawater until the 1990s. Due to excessive water abstractions above their natural feeding levels, most of the aquifers had salinization as a result of sea water interference with electrical conductivity (EC) value exceeding 7000 mmho/cm. In order to provide a permanent and long-term solution to the water problem in TRNC, a sea-crossing suspended water transmission pipeline (TRNC Water Supply) project has been developed for sustainable water transfer from Turkey to the Cyprus Island. While the initial feasibility and conceptual design studies have been prepared for State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in 1998-1999, the implementation projects and tender documents have been completed in 2006-2009, and the construction of the suspended marine pipeline has started in 2011 as commissioned by DSI. The engineering supervision and consultancy services of the project have been provided by a team from Istanbul Technical University (ITU). The project, which has been fully completed in October 2015 had a total cost of 1.6 x 109 TL (600 x 106 $), including expropriation costs. The unit cost of the water with flowrate 75 x 106 m3/year is calculated to be 0.6$/m3 (n=15 x 50 years, i=0.08), and the investment is expected to be repaid in 5.3 years. In this article, design details of the suspended marine pipeline and its critical components of this unique project are presented.First, we would like to thank Prof Veysel Eroglu, the TR Minister of Forestry and Water Affairs of the time, for his great contributions in the realization of this unique project, and his bold vision. Due to the efforts and contributions in the project design, planning and construction phases, we are thankful to Alarko Contracting Group, Intec Engineering DV, Art? Project, Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), AES Engineering Ltd, Firat Plastic Inc., and Kalyon - Sigur Ros Joint Venture, together with all stakeholders working on design and construction of the land structures of the project. We also extend our gratitude to the managers & employees of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) for their efforts in this projec

Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Gleason Score in Determining the Presence of Skeletal Metastasis in Prostate Cancer Patients: a Pakistani Perspective

Objective: To determine the cut-off values for serum Prostate Specific Antigen and Gleason score for predicting bone metastasis of Prostate cancer. Methodology: This diagnostic accuracy study was conducted in Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad from 2015 to 2018. 330 patients of Prostate cancer were enrolled in the study. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Gleason Scores (GS) were determined using commercially available ELECSYS® assays in the Modular Analytics E170 (Roche Diagnostics) and histopathology respectively. Tc99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was used to perform the Bone scan. Any correlation between these variables was nvestigated to determine a cut-off value for PSA and GS. Results: Out of the total 330 patients included in the sample, BS was positive for metastasis in 186 (56.4%) patients and negative in 144 (43.6%) patients. Amongst these 186 positive patients, 5 (2.7%) had PSA < 20 ng/ml, 174 (93.5%) had PSA between 20 and 90 ng/ml, and 9 (4.8%) had PSA > 90 ng/ml. Out of the 144 patients with negative BS, 142 (98.6%) had PSA < 20ng/ml. Only 2 (1.4%) had PSA in the range of 20 and 90 ng/ml, while none had PSA > 90 ng/ml. In the 147 patients with PSA < 20 ng/ml, 142 (96.6%) did not have any skeletal metastases. Of the 183 patients with PSA > 20 ng/ml, 181 (98.9%) had positive bone scans. Using a cut-off value of 20 ng/ml for serum PSA, 142 unnecessary scans would have been unnecessary. Out of the 186 patients with positive bone scan (BS), 3 (1.6%) patients had GS < 7, 160 (86.0%) patients had GS between 7 and 9, and 23 (12.4%) patients had GS > 9. Out of the 144 patients with negative BS, 84 (58.3%) had GS < 7, 60 (41.7%) had GS between 7 and 9, and none of the patients had a GS more than 9. Of the 87 patients with GS < 7, 3 (3.4%) patients had a positive BS while 84 (96.6%) patients had a negative BS. Of the 243 patients with GS > 7, 183 (75.3%) had a positive BS while 60 (24.7%) patients had a negative GS. These results indicate that a GS > 7 cannot be reliably used to rule in the need for a BS in patients with Prostate cancer.         Conclusion: Our study reports that serum PSA < 20 ng/ml can be safely used to omit a bone scan. It also suggests that Gleason Score < 7 nullifies the need to conduct a bone scan. However, serum PSA is a better and more reliable indicator of bone metastases as it has better sensitivity and specificity values as compared to GS. If these results are applied in hospitals all over the country, we can significantly reduce the burden on our resources and prevent unnecessary, low-yield diagnostic tests from being carried out.   &nbsp

Patterns and clinical presentation of Foreign Bodies in ENT among Sudanese Children in Khartoum state hospitals.

Abstract: -Background: Foreign bodies (FBs) in ENT are a common problem in Sudanese children and are associated with life threatening complications.Objectives: To study the patterns and presenting symptoms of children who are presented with foreign bodies Inhalation, Ingestion and insertion in the Nose and Ears.Methodology: This is a prospective hospital based descriptive study, conducted at Khartoum ENT Hospitals  from March 2013 to January 2015.Result: 150 patients with foreign bodies were studied in Khartoum ENT Hospitals. The commonest age group between 3–6 years in 64% of patients. Male to Female ratio is1.3:1.F.Bs  nose constituted higher percentage in (28%) of cases, F.Bs  inhalations were presented in(24.7%), F.Bs  ear were presented in (24.7%) and F.Bs  ingestion were presented in (22.7%).Regarding the type of inhalations, peanut was presented in (56.8%) of cases and the commonest presenting symptoms was cough in (94%) of patients.                                                                                                                                                                   Conclusion: Certain food items especially peanuts if given to children below the age of 2 years have to be given with caution and under close supervision. Bronchoscopy should always be considered in optimum conditions. Public health education is essential in order to prevent these avoidable problems.Key words:    F.Bs , ENT ,Khartoum.  

Recent developments in tensile properties of friction welding of carbon fiber-reinforced composite: A review

In this review article, the joining of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite with metallic materials by using friction welding techniques was discussed and the effects of process parameters on the weld properties were evaluated. Major parameters involved in this process were plunge depth (PD), dwell time, joining time, and tool rotational speed. A successful friction joint of carbon fiber-reinforced poly composite laminate (CF-PPS)-metal was formed with an interlayer film of additional polyphenylene sulfide. In addition, a detailed overview of the friction techniques was discussed, such as friction stir spot welding (FSSW), friction stir welding (FSW), and refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW). In this current work, we had focused on the parameters, process, and their development during friction welding of similar and dissimilar metals with CFRP joint. Regarding the FSSW review, the best tensile shear load was 7.1 kN obtained from AA5182 and CFRP at a rotational speed of 3,000 rpm and 5 s welding time. The thickness for AA5182 and CFRP are 1.2 and 3 mm, respectively. The most efficient parameters are rotational speed, PD, dwell time, and shoulder penetration depth. In addition, the heat generated during the process parameters, its influence on mechanical and microstructure properties along with the possible defects and internal cracks of the similar and dissimilar welded joints will be reviewed and discussed

Ethical guidelines and practices for Pakistani television journalists reporting on domestic violence

Domestic violence is endemic in Pakistan (Baig et al., 2020), yet it took around 66 years of campaigning to acknowledge it as a social problem worthy of legislation. This paper investigates the ethical frameworks in place for Pakistani television news journalists reporting cases of domestic violence. It also examines the provision and structure of training for Pakistani media professionals to support accurate and balanced reporting of such violence. The research for this study comprised in-depth semi-structured interviews with 11 high level television journalists – including news producers. Findings of the study reveal that there were no written ethical guidelines on how to represent incidents of this crime, its victims, or perpetrators. Moreover, due to the paucity of formal professional development opportunities, journalists are mostly limited to on-the-job training in terms of how best to report cases of domestic violence. This also impacts on their approaches to information gathering and dissemination. The research did find that, in comparison to journalists working for national Pakistani news channels, those associated with international news organizations were more aware of and trained in the need to consider how to cover domestic violence ethically, sensitively and in socially responsible ways

Therapeutic distant organ effects of regional hypothermia during mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury

IntroductionMesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure in clinical and laboratory settings. We investigated the lung structural, functional, and genomic response to mesenteric IRI with and without regional intraischemic hypothermia (RIH) in rodents and hypothesized that RIH would protect the lung and preferentially modulate the distant organ transcriptome under these conditions.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats underwent sham laparotomy or superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) for 60 minutes with or without RIH. Gut temperature was maintained at 15°-20°C during SMAO, and systemic normothermia (37°C) was maintained throughout the study period. At 6 or 24 hours, lung tissue was collected for (1) histology, (2) myeloperoxidase activity, (3) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein concentrations, (4) lung wet/dry ratios, and (5) total RNA isolation and hybridization to Illumina's Sentrix BeadChips (>22,000 probes) for gene expression profiling. Significantly affected genes (false discovery rate <5% and fold change ≥1.5) were linked to gene ontology (GO) terms using MAPPFinder, and hypothermia-suppressed genes were further analyzed with Pubmatrix.ResultsMesenteric IRI-induced lung injury, as evidenced by leukocyte trafficking, alveolar hemorrhage, and increased BAL protein and wet/dry ratios, and activated a proinflammatory lung transcriptome compared with sham. In contrast, rats treated with RIH exhibited lung histology, BAL protein, and wet/dry ratios similar to sham. At 6 hours, GO analysis identified 232 hypothermia-suppressed genes related to inflammation, innate immune response, and cell adhesion, and 33 hypothermia-activated genes related to lipid and amine metabolism and defense response. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validated select array changes in top hypothermia-suppressed genes lipocalin-2 (lcn-2) and chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1), prominent genes associated with neutrophil activation and trafficking.ConclusionsTherapeutic hypothermia during SMAO provides distant organ protection and preferentially modulates the IRI-activated transcriptome in the rat lung. This study identifies potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets of mesenteric IRI and provides a platform for further mechanistic study of hypothermic protection at the cellular and subcellular level.Clinical RelevanceVisceral organ ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common clinical problem in the settings of shock, sepsis, vascular surgery, and organ transplantation and is a particularly vexing problem in the repair of complex aortic aneurysms. IRI is associated with considerable patient morbidity and mortality, for which there are virtually no therapeutic options. It systematically causes local organ injury and dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of pharmacologic blockade of individual downstream inflammatory mediators in critically ill patients have been largely unsuccessful, and such studies highlight the need for novel top-down approaches, such as gene expression profiling for biologic discovery, as well as application of broader therapeutic interventions, such as targeted hypothermia. In this study, we demonstrate the potential application of visceral cooling for distant organ protection during mesenteric IRI, identify broad changes in lung gene expression under these conditions, and have elucidated potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for disease targeting

Healing of Wounds by use of Spider threads in comparison with healing by Tetracycline ointment, an Experimental Analytical Study

Background: Spiders are distributed worldwide except in Arctic and Antarctica. More than 45,700 species of spiders and 114 families have been identified. Spiders produce silk in order to capture their prey. reported that people of the Carpathian Mountains used spider webs from Atypus spiders as bandages. Experiments showed that silk from spider house is bio-degradable, non-antigenic and non-inflammatory. These are ideal properties for healing wounds. We aimed to identify the effect of spider threads on healing wounds and injuries compared to healing of wounds by application of tetracycline ointment.Methods: This is an experimental analytical study in which we investigated ten participants tested in three groups. Group A participants were treated with tetracycline and group B were treated with spider threads. wooden rulers used to collect spider silk threads along with sterilizer, tissue, paper, bandages, and Tetracycline ointment. Silk was collected from four types of spiders: Cellar Spider, Salticidae Spider, Venatoria Hetropoda, and Galeodes Arabs.  These spiders are the mostly distributed in Sudan. Silk was collected by using wooden rulers from cracks and corners of walls at Alzaiem Alazhari University and then placed on clean, soft tissue paper.Results: revealed that spider threads heal surface injuries without leaving scars in 90% of participants. The healing process with spider threads lasts between 8 -24 hours. The comparison between three tests showed that the percentage of wound healing was highest by 70% by using spider threads in comparison with tetracycline and self-healing.Conclusion: It was observed that healing of injuries by using spider threads was 70% faster than healing by using tetracycline ointment. Self-healing was observed to be faster than healing by use of tetracycline ointment.Keywords: Spider threads; Healing; Injuries; Tetracycline