Impact of Hindiya Dam on the Limnological Features of Euphrates River to the North of Babil Governorate, Iraq

تم اختيار خمسة مواقع في شمال محافظة بابل لمعرفة الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لنهر الفرات وتأثير سد الهندية عليها خلال عام 2019. اذ يقع المواقع الثاني بالقرب من السد لتعكس السمات البيئية له، في حين أن المواقع الأخرى، S1 يقع عند اعلى السد كموقع مرجعي. علاوة على ذلك، تم تحديد الموقعين الآخرين S3 وS4 تحت تأثير السد. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة قوية بين درجة حرارة الهواء والماء في جميع المواقع. كما توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في متوسط ثلاثة عشر من أصل ثمانية عشر خاصية، أذ انخفضت درجة حرارة الماء والقاعدية الكلية والبيكربونات والأوكسجين المذاب ونسبة الاشباع بالأوكسجين والعسرة الكلية والمغنيسيوم من 22.76◦م و203.33 ملغم/لتر و146.75 ملغم/ لتر و8.8 ملغم/لتر و100.023٪، 438ملغم/لتر و35.55ملغم/لتر على التوالي في موقع S2 إلى 22.66◦م و200.28ملغم/لتر و145.58 ملغم/ لتر و8.35 ملغم/لتر و95.45٪ و 422.66 ملغم/لتر و28.81 ملغم/لتر على التوالي في الموقع أسفل السد. ينما زادت قيم كل من الكدرة وTSS و Ca + 2 وSO2 + 4 وNO3-2 وPO4-2 من 13.32 NTU و23.08 ملغم/ لتر و116.89ملغم/لتر و107.5ملغم/لتر و1.027 ملغم/لتر و0.019 ملغم/لتر،على التوالي في موقع S2 إلى 26.574NTU و 26.83 ملغم/لتر و 119.23 ملغم/ لتر و 137.5 ملغم/لتر و1.145 ملغم/لتر و0.032 ملغم/لتر على التوالي في الموقع أسفل السد. ومع ذلك، لم يسجل أي تأثير واضح للسد في EC وS وTDS وpHعند نهر الفرات. كما ولم تظهر فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في جميع الخصائص بين المواقع باستثناء االعــكورة و TSSو Mg + 2وSO + 4 وPO4-2. يمكن أن يعّد مياه نهر الفرات عسر وقليلة الملوحة وذو قاعدية خفيف وجيدة التهوية وغير عكر. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تجاوزت قيم العكارة والمواد الصلبة الذائبة الحدود المسموح بها لنوعية المياه للحياة المائية في معظم العينات خاصة في الموقع أسفل السد. ومع ذلك، عَدّ النهر مشكوك فيه في نقاوته من خلال قيم BOD5. كما كانت قيم الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم والنترات والفوسفات في هذه الدراسة ضمن الحدود المسموح بها.          Five sites were chosen to the north of Babil Governorate in   order to identify the limnological features and the impact of the Hindiya Dam during 2019. Site2 was located near the dam to reflect the ecological features of this site, whereas other sites, S1 was located at the upstream of the dam as a control site. Moreover, the two other sites S3 and S4 were located down the dam. The results of  the  study  showed  a  close  correlation  between air and water temperature at all sites. Also there were significant differences in average of thirteen out of eighteen water parameters.Water temperature, total alkalinity, bicarbonate, DO, POS, TH and Mg+2  ions  decreased from 22.76˚C, 203.33 mg/L, 146.75 mg/L, 8.8 mg/L, 100.023%, 438 mg/L, 35.55mg/L, respectively on S2  to 22.66 ˚C, 200.28 mg/L, 145.58 mg/L, 8.35 mg/L, 95.45%, 422.66 mg/L,  28.81 mg/L, respectively at site below the dam. While, turbidity, TSS,  Ca+2,  SO2+4, NO3-2 and PO4-2 increased from 13.32 NTU, 23.08 mg/L, 116.89 mg/L, 107.5 mg/L, 1.027 mg/L and 0.019 mg/L, respectively on S2  to 26.574 NTU, 26.83 mg/L, 119.23 mg/L, 137.5 mg/L, 1.145 mg/L and 0.032 mg/L, respectively at the site below the dam.  However, no apparent dam effect was reported in EC, S, TDS, pH values at Euphrates River. No significant differences of all characteristics were found among sites except, turbidity, TSS, Mg+2,  SO+4 and PO4-2. It can be considered that the Euphrates River is very hard, oligohaline, slightly alkaline, well ventilated and clear to turbid. In addition, the turbidity and TSS values exceeded permissible limits of water quality for aquatic life in most samples especially in site below the dam. However, the river was considered by BOD5 to be doubtful in its cleanliness water. Calcium, magnesium, nitrate and phosphate values in this study were within permissible limits

The Consumed Natural Diet of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) from Tigris River, Salah Al-Deen Province

The foreguts of a total of 515 fish of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) (locally: Bala’aot Malloky) were studied. These fish were collected from Tigris River at Salah Al-Deen Province (between Al-Hagag & Yathrib) for 20 months between March and October of the next year. Detritus, plant in origin materials (19.6%, 23.0% & 24.9%); green and blue green algae, mostly Cladophora, Cosmarium and Merismpedia sp. (17.1%, 12.9% & 12.2%) and diatoms, mostly Diatoma, Chanathes, Amphora and Cyulbella sp. (16.9%, 8.8% & 8.2%) were the main food categories taken by these fishes according to occurrence (O%), volumetric methods (V%) and ranking index (R%). Debris (not part of the diet) took 45.3% of the studied fish foreguts by volume. Detritus was also the most important food category (25.9%, 18.2%, 22.9% & 19.8%, by ranking index) at all sampling stations respectively, and taken by different fish size groups (168-200, 201-300 & 301-350mm).The diet overlaps between these fish size groups and that between different sampling stations were ranged between 0.86-1.0, i.e. fish were mainly feeding on the same food organisms

The Effect of Tharthar-Tigris Canal on the Environmental Properties of the Tigris River Northern Baghdad, Iraq

هذه الدراسة تعتبر الأولى من نوعها بعد العام 2003. صُممت من اجل هدفين: الأول توضيح تأثير التغيرات الموسمية في مؤشرات الماء الفيزيائية والكيميائية لقناة الثرثار- دجلةفضلا عن نهر دجلة والثاني تقييم مدى تأثير القناة على بعض الخصائص البيئية للنهر عند منطقة الدراسة. جمعت عينات الماء شهريا للفترة من كانون الثاني الى كانون الأول 2020. تم دراسة تسعة عشر مؤشراً بيئيا شمل درجات حرارة الماء والهواء والكدرة والتوصيلية الكهربائية والملوحة والاوكسجين الذائب ونسبة الاشباع للأوكسجين والمتطلب الحيوي للأوكسجين والاس الهيدروجيني والعسرة الكلية والكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم والكبريتات ومجموع المواد الصلبة الذائبة ومجموع المواد الصلبة العالقة والقاعدية الكلية والبيكاربونات والنترات والفوسفات. بينت النتائج ان مياه النهر والقناة تتأثر بدرجة حرارة الهواء وانها جيدة التهوية وتميل نحو القاعدية بدرجة طفيفة جدا. كما ان الاوكسجين تجاوز نسبة الاشباع مرات عديدة وان المتطلب الحيوي للأوكسجين لم يتجاوز درجة 5 ملغم/لتر. بينت الدراسة أيضا ان القيم العالية للتوصيلية وللملوحة وللمواد الصلبة الذائبة وللعسرة الكلية وللكالسيوم وللكبريتات للقناة زادت من قيمها في نهر دجلة بعد الالتقاء مباشرة بينما القيم الواطئة للكدرة وللمواد الصلبة العالقة وللقاعدية الكلية وللبيكاربونات للقناة قللت من قيمها في النهر أسفل منطقة الالتقاء مباشرة. عموماً يمكننا ان نستنتج ان ذراع الثرثار يؤثر بنهر دجلة من خلال زيادة او نقصان الخصائص الفيزيوكيمياوية للنهرضمن منطقة الدراسة.The present study is considered the first on this sector of the Tigris River after 2003. It is designed for two aims, the first is to demonstrate the seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters of Tharthar-Tigris Canal and Tigris River; the second is to explain the possible effects of canal on some environmental properties in the Tigris River. Water samples were being collected monthly. Six sampling sites were selected, two on Tharthar Canal and four along the Tigris River, one before the confluence as a control site and the others downstream the confluence with the canal. For a period from January to December 2020, nineteen physicochemical parameters were investigated including air and water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, salinity dissolved oxygen, percent oxygen saturation, biological oxygen demand, pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, bicarbonate, nitrate and phosphate. The results showed that air and water temperatures were close in both Tigris and canal. The waters were well aerated, slightly alkaline and over saturation was recorded several times, while biological oxygen demand values did not exceed 5 mg/L along study period. The high values of conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium and sulphate ions in Tharthar water increased in the Tigris River below the confluence. Whereas, the low values of turbidity, TSS, total alkalinity and bicarbonate in the arm diluted in the main river. It has been concluded that Tharthar Canal affected the Tigris River by either increasing or diluting of the Tigris chemical components

The Effect of AL-Tharthar Canal on the Zooplankton Composition and Diversity in the Tigris River

This study is considered the first in this sector of Tigris River after 2003, to evaluate the effect of Tharthar Canal on the composition and diversity of zooplankton in Tigris River. Six sampling sites were selected; two on the Tharthar canal and four sites along the Tigris River, one before the confluence as a control site and the others downstream the confluence. One hundred thirty-four taxa of zooplankton were recorded in this study, 129 taxa in Tigris River ,76 taxa in Tharthar Canal as well and 96 taxa shared between river and canal. The high value of zooplankton density in Tharthar Canal increased the density of Tigris River from 307989 Ind./m3 in site 1 upstream the confluence to 371427 Ind./m3 in site 4 immediately downstream the confluence. Also, the mean values of richness index, evenness index and diversity index decreased from 7.46, 0.69 and 2.40 bit/Ind. before the confluence to 6.46, 0.61 and 2.08 bit/Ind. after the confluence, respectively. Furthermore, the highest similarity percentage was between sites 1 and 6 reached 84.28% while, the lowest percentage was between sites 1 and 2 reached 65.97%. The highest value for the constancy index was 24 in site 6

NATURAL DIET OF FOUR FISH SPECIES FROM THE EUPHRATES RIVER AT ASH-SHAMIYAH, IRAQ

A total of 401 fish belonging to four fish species were collected from the Euphrates River near Ash-Shamiyah (40km west of Ad-Dewaniyah). These fish were Hemrri, Barbus (Carasobarbus) luteus (Heckel, 1843) Khishni, Liza abu (Heckel, 1843), Lassaf, Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843 and Carassuan carp Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758). The stomach contents of the fish were evaluated by using ranking index (%R), occurrence method (%O) and approximate volumetric method (%V). The study showed that detritus (plant in origin) (56.84%, 25.34%& 42.84%), sand, zooplanktons and green & blue green algae were the main food items taken by L. abu, according to above methods respectively. Plant in origin materials formed 69.46% of fish consumed diet according to ranking index. On other hand, Barbus luteus was found mainly feeding on aquatic plants (31.44%, 15.15% & 30.0%), as well as detritus and zooplanktons. The fish was also found to have a greater plant in origin diet (71.36%). The study showed that zooplankton ranked first in the foregut contents of Alburnus caeruleus. It formed 25.20%, 22.64% and 18.25% of fish diet; it came with close percentages with detritus and sand. Plant in origin materials formed 45.62% of fish diet, according to ranking index, i.e. it's an omnivorous fish. Carassius carassius were also an omnivorous fish. Detritus ranked first in its foregut contents (39.35%, 16.56% and 31.59%), followed by sand, green and blue green algae, plant tissues and zooplanktons in close percentages, according to the above three methods of analysis respectively. Plant in origin materials formed 61.32% of fish diets. Sand as a food was not assessed in this study