3D Bioprinting In Bone And Cartilage Regeneration Review

 Bone and articular cartilage degeneration and damage are the most common causes of musculoskeletal disability. 3D bioprinting can help regenerate these structures. Autologous/allogeneic bone and cartilage transplantation, vascularized bone transplantation, autologous chondrocyte implantation, mosaicplasty, and joint replacement are all common clinical and surgical procedures. In vitro layer-by-layer printing of biological materials, living cells, and other biologically active substances using 3D bio printing technology is anticipated to replace the aforementioned repair methods. With the ability to prepare various organs and tissue structures, 3D bio printing has largely solved the issue of insufficient organ donors. Researchers use biomedical materials and cells as discrete materials. Bioprinting cell selection and its use in bone and cartilage repair are the primary topics of discussion in this paper

Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) Therapy in Brain Disorders

Photobiomodulation (PBM) portrays the utilization of red or near infrared light to stimulate, heal, recover, and protect tissue that has either been harmed, is degenerating, or, else likely is in risk of dying. The brain experiences various issues that can be ordered into three general groupings: traumatic (stroke, traumatic brain injury, and global ischemia), degenerative diseases (dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), and psychiatric (depression, anxiety, post- traumatic stress disorder). There is some proof that this multitude of apparently different circumstances can be advantageously impacted by applying light to the head. There is even the likelihood that PBM could be utilized for cognitive enhancement in normal healthy individuals. In this transcranial PBM (tPBM) application, near infrared (NIR) light is frequently applied to the temple in view of the better entrance (no hair, longer wavelength). A few workers have utilized lasers, yet as of late the presentation of modest light emitting diode (LED) arrays has permitted the improvement of light radiating head helmets or "brain caps". This review will cover the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain and sum up some of the key pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been embraced for different brain disorders

Biomarkers in Prediction of Preeclampsia

       Preeclampsia is being pregnant-specific, and notably contributes to maternal, and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. An effective predictive test for preeclampsia could facilitate early diagnosis, focused surveillance and well timed delivery; however, restrained alternatives presently exist. A first-trimester screening algorithms has been evolved and demonstrated to expect preterm preeclampsia, with poor utility for term disease, wherein the greatest burden lies. Biomarkers consisting of sFlt-1 and placental growth factor also are now getting used clinically in cases of suspected preterm preeclampsia; their high negative predictive value allows assured exclusion of disease in women with normal results, however sensitivity is modest. There has been a concerted attempt to become aware of ability novel biomarkers that could enhance prediction. These in large part originate from organs concerned in preeclampsia’s pathogenesis, which includes placental, cardiovascular and urinary biomarkers. This review outlines the clinical imperative for an effective test and those already in use and summarises modern-day preeclampsia biomarker studies

Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR): Review

 In recent years, there has been a growing amount of interest in the possibility that inadequate maternal hemodynamic adaptations to the pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are connected. It has been suggested that "placental syndromes," such as preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR), may be linked to later maternal cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The two subtypes of FGR have distinct clinical and pathogenetic characteristics. It is thought that poor trophoblastic invasion of the maternal spiral arteries during placentation is a major factor in the development of early-onset PE and FGR. A pre-existing or subsequent cardiovascular impairment may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of early-onset FGR because placental functioning is dependent on the cardiovascular system of the mother. A primary abnormal placentation in the first trimester does not appear to be the factor that determines late FGR. A primary cardiovascular maladaptation in the mother may be the cause of the pathological pathway of late-onset FGR: The CV system displays a profile that is flat and remains comparable to that of non-pregnant women. A hypovolemic state could result in placental hypoperfusion, altered villous tree maturation, and altered fetal growth during the second trimester, when the placenta is already developed and has a higher functional demand. As a result, the focus of this review is on the possible connection between placentation and maternal cardiac function during pregnancy and the onset and progression of FGR. A superior comprehension of maternal hemodynamics in pregnancies confounded by FGR could get different advantages in clinical work, further developing screening and therapeutic tools

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE): Diagnostic, And Therapeutic Strategies: Clinical review

AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates. On account of high groupings of sensitive immature cells, metal-catalyzed free radicals, non-saturated fatty acids, and low concentrates of antioxidants enzymes, the brain requires elevated degrees of oxygen supply and is, in this manner, very sensitive to hypoxia. Solid proof shows that oxidative stress assumes a significant part in pathogenesis and progression. Following hypoxia and ischemia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production rapidly increments and overpowers antioxidant defences. A large excess of ROS will straightforwardly change or degenerate cell macromolecules, like membranes, proteins, lipids, and DNA, and lead to a cascading inflammatory reaction, and protease secretion. These derivatives are engaged with a complex interplay of numerous pathways (e.g., inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis) which at last lead to brain injury. In this review, we feature the molecular mechanism for oxidative stress in HIE, sum up current research on therapeutic methodologies used in combating oxidative stress, and attempt to explore novel potential clinical methodologies

Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Neonatal herpes simplex infection (HSV) is a ruinous disease in infants, related with broad morbidity and mortality. The utilization of PCR for HSV identification of infected new born and acyclovir for treatment has considerably further developed Acyclovir anticipation for affected new borns. The resulting utilization of suppressive therapy with oral acyclovir following completion of parenteral treatment of acute disease has also worked on the long term prognosis for these new borns.This review will discuss the study of disease transmission, risk factors and routes of acquisition, clinical presentation, and assessment of neonates thought to have the infection, and treatment of proven neonatal HSV disease