Effectiveness of Fromkein Model for Analysis of Blend and Exchange Speech Errors in Urdu Language

The study aims to examine the speech errors made by the speakers of Urdu language. Paper also identifies the types and most frequently used errors in the Urdu language. Speaking is one of the major forms of language production. It involves the process of how a speaker translates information and intention in a given language. It is an active procedure of the human mind and strictly governed by phonological syntactic and semantic rules. Error analysis is defined as a way of identifying, organizing and systematically interrupting the improper forms produced by someone speaking the native language, using any of the principles and procedures provided by linguistics (Crystal, 2003). There exist tremendous difficulties in natural speeches uttered by the speakers unconsciously. Due to the trend of English medium in schools as we use English as our official language that’s why most of the students face problem while reading the Urdu language so when they switch their language into Urdu they commit so many errors. So to identify those errors which we commit while speaking the Urdu language. The method of the study includes 30 participants randomly selected from the undergraduate level. The data was collected through the audio recordings of the participants for the investigation of speech errors. Fromkein’s classification scheme has been used to analyze the errors and their frequencies in a speech. The result identified the specific type of speech error and their occurring frequencies in speech production. The results of the study identified the types of speech errors which committed most are blend and exchange error. Moreover, the findings of the study also checked the frequency of the errors committed in speech production. Keywords: Speech errors, analyze, Data collection, Recordings, Percentage DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-24-07 Publication date:August 31st 202

Developing a Prototype to Translate Pakistan Sign Language into Text and Speech While Using Convolutional Neural Networking

The purpose of the study is to provide a literature review of the work done on sign language in Pakistan and the world. This study also provides a framework of an already developed prototype to translate Pakistani sign language into speech and text while using convolutional neural networking (CNN) to facilitate unimpaired teachers to bridge the communication gap among the deaf learners and unimpaired teachers. Due to the lack of sign language teaching, unimpaired teachers face difficulty in communicating with impaired learners. This communication gap can be filled with the help of this translation tool. Research indicates that a prototype has been evolved that can translate the English textual content into sign language and highlighted that there is a need for translation tool which can translate the signs into English text. The current study will provide an architectural framework of the Pakistani sign language to English text translation tool that how different components of technology like deep learning, convolutional neural networking, python, tensor Flow, and NumPy, InceptionV3 and transfer learning, eSpeak text to speech help in the development of a translation tool prototype. Keywords: Pakistan sign language (PSL), sign language (SL), translation, deaf, unimpaired, convolutional neural networking (CNN). DOI: 10.7176/JEP/10-15-18 Publication date:May 31st 201

Increasing Seed System Efficiency in Africa: Concepts, Strategies and Issues

The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework that can be used by agricultural leaders, administrators, policy makers, and seed program managers to (1) understand key factors affecting seed system development; and (2) compare organizational and institutional strategies for increasing seed system effectiveness. A literature review of recent studies on seed system development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was undertaken to achieve these objectives. The studies reviewed included published and unpublished reports, monographs, and case studies.food security, food policy, Sub-Saharan Africa, seed system, Crop Production/Industries, Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 22, F0,

The Role Of Work Life Balance In Job Satisfaction And Job Benefit

This paper investigates the influence of job benefits on job satisfaction of Public and Private Business Schools in Pakistan. Further it also examines the mediating effect of Work Life Balance (WLB) on job satisfaction and job benefit relationship. A sample of 329 respondents is collected from Business Schools in Pakistan by using a structured questionnaire. The results show that there is a mediation effect of WLB on the relationship of job satisfaction and job benefit

Role Of Board Size In Corporate Governance And Firm Performance Applying Pareto Approach, Is It Cultural Phenomena?

This paper examines the relationship between board size and firm performance. This relationship is tested in the light of Pareto Approach for Pakistani banking sector. For this purpose a sample of fourteen listed commercial banks of Pakistan are taken for analysis from 2008-2012 on the basis of their performance. Different econometric models are applied to test the relationship between bank performance variables and corporate governance practices in these banks. The results of this study are contradictory with the existing literature of corporate governance variables and firm performance. The most prominent result of this paper is the significant positive relationship between board size and bank performance. It is concluded in the findings that a large board size can enhance the bank performance in Pakistani scenario

The Role Of LMX In Employees Job Motivation, Satisfaction, Empowerment, Stress And Turnover: Cross Country Analysis

We investigated the effect of Leader Member Exchange (LMX) quality relationship on employee motivation, stress, turnover, satisfaction and Psychological Empowerment with a sample of 1500 employees across four countries. As expected, we found that high quality relationship positively associated with the employee motivation, satisfaction, Psychological Empowerment and lowers the employee stress, turnover. The study also sheds lights on relationship between employee motivation and employee turnover and stress

Metabolomics profiling reveals the detoxification and tolerance behavior of two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under arsenate stress

Acknowledgment Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Umeå, Sweden (www.swedishmetabolomicscentre.se) is acknowledged for metabolic profiling by LC-TOF-MS and amino acid quantification by LC-QqQ-MSMS. We acknowledge Muhammad Anas (Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad) for his valuable contribution for data analysis in this study.Peer reviewe

Chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer; multifarious roles and clinical impact

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The early diagnosis plays a key role in patient prognosis and subsequently overall survival. Similar to several types of cancer, colorectal cancer is also characterised by drug resistance and heterogeneity that contribute to its complexity -especially at advanced stages. However, despite the extensive research related to the identification of biomarkers associated to early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and the management of CRC patients, little progress has been made thus far. Therefore, the mortality rates, especially at advanced stages, remain high. A large family of chemoattractant cytokines called chemokines are known for their significant role in inflammation and immunity. Chemokines released by the different tumorous cells play a key role in increasing the complexity of the tumour's microenvironment. The current review investigates the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in colorectal cancer and their potential as clinical molecular signatures that could be effectively used as a personalised therapeutic approach. We discussed how chemokine and chemokine receptors regulate the microenvironment and lead to heterogeneity in CRC. An important aspect of chemokines is their role in drug resistance which has been extensively discussed. This review also provides an overview of the current advances in the search for chemokines and chemokine receptors in CRC.Peer reviewe

Identification and classification of digital green innovation based on interaction Maclaurin symmetric mean operators by using T-spherical fuzzy information

The digital green concept refers to the devotion to digital technology, i.e., techniques of procedures in the area of ecological or sustainable conservation. It contains leveraging digital techniques, procedures, and new tools to evaluate environmental problems and promote sustainable development. The major influence of this article is to evaluate the selection of the best digital green technology. For this, we aim to propose the idea of Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operators based on interaction operational laws for T-spherical fuzzy (TSF) information, such as TSF interaction weighted averaging (TSFIWA), generalized TSF interaction weighted averaging (GTSFIWA), TSF interaction weighted geometric averaging (TSFIWGA), TSF interaction MSM (TSFIMSM), TSF interaction Bonferroni mean (TSFIBM), and TSF interaction weighted Maclaurin symmetric mean (TSFIWMSM) operators. Some dominant and reliable properties are also invented for evaluation. Moreover, to address the best digital green innovation (DGI) among the top five DGIs, we illustrate the procedure of the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique under the presence of the derived operators. Finally, we demonstrate a numerical example for evaluating the comparative study between the proposed and existing or prevailing operators to enhance the worth of the derived theory