Developmental changes in facial expression recognition in Japanese school-age children

Purpose : Facial expressions hold abundant information and play a central part in communication. In daily life, we must construct amicable interpersonal relationships by communicating through verbal and nonverbal behaviors. While school-age is a period of rapid social growth, few studies exist that study developmental changes in facial expression recognition during this age. This study investigated developmental changes in facial expression recognition by examining observers’ gaze on others’ expressions. Subjects : 87 school-age children from first to sixth grade (41 boys, 46 girls). Method : The Tobii T60 Eye-tracker(Tobii Technologies, Sweden) was used to gauge eye movement during a task of matching pre-instructed emotion words and facial expressions images (neutral, angry, happy, surprised, sad, disgusted) presented on a monitor fixed at a distance of 50 cm. Results : In the task of matching the six facial expression images and emotion words, the mid- and higher-grade children answered more accurately than the lower-grade children in matching four expressions, excluding neutral and happy. For fixation time and fixation count, the lower-grade children scored lower than other grade children, gazing on all facial expressions significantly fewer times and for shorter periods. Conclusion : It is guessed that the stage from lower grades to middle grades is a turning point in facial recognition

テガキ モジ ニ タイスル チュウシテン ブンセキ

We examined the gaze point of adults who didn\u27t have the symptoms of dyslexia when looking at a child\u27s handwritten characters. Subjects were 14 adults, and half of them were teachers. They looked at 10 photo images that showed a boy writing characters, hiragana and kanji. Their gaze points were analyzed by using an eye tracking system. Three kinds of indices were as follows ; time to first fixation (TFF), fixation length (FL), and fixation counts (FC). The results showed there was no gaze point difference in all indices whether they have an experience as a teacher or not. But there was a difference among the areas as for "TFF" and "FL". Most subjects have a tendency to pay attention early to near the center and the first line. And longer fixation length areas were the final line and the central upper area. These results partly correspond to the preceding research

Low Temperature Heteroepitaxial Growth of a New Phase Lead Zirconate Titanate Film on Si Substrate with an Epitaxial (ZrO_2)_<1-x>(Y_2O_3)_x Buffer Layer

We investigated the crystalline and electrical properties of heteroepitaxial lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films grown on Si covered with epitaxial (100) (ZrO_2)_(Y_2O_3)_x (YSZ) buffer layers. The PZT films were prepared by reactive sputtering. When the substrate temperature was between 400 and 485°C, we obtained a heteroepitaxial (110) oriented monoclinic PZT (m-PZT) film which was metastable. The lattice parameters were as follows: a=b=0.379 nm, c= 0.521 nm and γ=81.3°. The m-PZT film had a larger oxygen composition ratio O/(Zr+Ti) of 3.2 to 3.8 than the perovskite phase. Although the resistivity of the as-grown m-PZT film was much lower than that of the normal perovskite phase, it was increased by two to five orders of magnitude by a step-annealing process of 300°C for 120 min, 325°C for 120 min and 350°C for 180 min in sequence. From the C?V characteristics of the step-annealed m-PZT/YSZ/Si structure, the relative dielectric constant was estimated to be about 45

Service Innovation Structure Analysis for Recognizing Opportunities and Difficulties of M2M Businesses

With the popularization of high-speed and high-capacity communication networks, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication has received significant attention. However, even though the related technologies have been actively investigated, creating new businesses based on M2M communication is not easy. This paper proposes a service innovation structure that visualizes the opportunities and difficulties of M2M businesses. In our proposal, opportunities are classified as two types of value creation (optimization value and identification value) using the Sharing-Connecting-Analyzing-Identifying (SCAI) model. In addition, difficulties are discussed using a fishbone chart. The SCAI model pays particular attention to the identification value, which tends to be ignored in other models. Opportunities and difficulties are structured as a map according to backcasting from a desired future. Using this backcasting map, we can discuss M2M businesses more clearly and strategically by recognizing the opportunities and the difficulties with stakeholders