The relationship between salivary secretion and taste sensitivity level in the elderly

The increasing population of the elderly has an impact on health problems, including an increase of oral problems. One of the common oral problems is dry mouth that possibly disrupts gustatory function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary secretion and taste sensitivity level in the elderly. This study was a cross sectional study for the elderly population of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta/The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province, Indonesia. This study consisted of interview, clinical examination, measurement of salivary secretion (sialometry) and taste sensitivity level using chemical gustometry method. Salivary secretion data were described in ml/ min. The measurement of taste sensitivity level was performed using 4 different substances: sweet (sucrose), salty (NaCl), sour (citric acid) and bitter (quinidine sulphate) with 4 different concentrations for each flavor. Four score was given if the respondent recognized the lowest concentration of the substance and 0 score was provided when all concentrations were failed to be tasted. Total score for test sensitivity level was scaled from 0 to 16. Salivary secretion data and taste sensitivity level data were analyzed by Spearman correlation test to determine the correlation between both variables. There were 103 subjects (70 women and 33 men) with the age mean of 65.61 years old, participating in this study. The mean of the sweet taste level was 2.81, 3.32 for salty taste, 3.69 for sour taste and 2.98 for bitter taste. Total taste sensitivity level mean was 12.80 out of 16. The measurements of unstimulated whole saliva showed a mean value of 0.170 ml/min with the majority of subjects having normal salivary flow. The Spearman correlation test results showed r= -0.078 with p >0.05 that indicated no correlation. We concluded that there was no relationship between salivary secretion and taste sensitivity level in the elderly

Oral health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients of Yogyakarta General Hospital

Yogyakarta is a province in Indonesia with the highest prevalence (2.4%) of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Around 90% of diabetic patients suffer from type 2 DM. Oral manifestations of DM may disturb oral functions which in turn influence oral health - related quality of life (OHRQo)L. This study aimed to evaluate the OHRQoL of type 2 DM outpatients in Yogyakarta General Hospital. The study subjects comprised 50 male outpatients and 32 female outpatients with type 2 DM (40-81 years old). Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and Xerostomia Inventory were used to assess OHRQoL and xerostomia status, respectively. Intraoral examinations comprising periodontal tissue, oral hygiene (OH), coated tongue, and present teeth were performed. There were 49 (59.76%) subjects with low and 33 (40.24%) subjects with high score of GOHAI; 78 (95.12%) with and 4 (4.88%) without periodontal tissue defect; 79 (96.34%) with poor and 3 (3.66%) good OH; 17 (20.73%) with coated tongue >50% and 65 (79.27%) with coated tongue ≤50%; 34 (41.46%) with present teeth <20 and 48 (58.54%) with present teeth ≥20; and 39 (47.56%) with xerostomia and 43 (52.44%) with normal status. Only ‘present teeth’ had a significant contribution to the proportion of GOHAI status in type 2 DM patients in this study (p=0.032). Type 2 DM patients with ≥20 teeth had a more significant proportion of high GOHAI status compared to those with <20 teeth. The majority of type 2 DM outpatients of Yogyakarta General Hospital had poor OHRQoL as reflection of their oral condition that is partly contributed by patients with present teeth <20

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BONGGOL NANAS (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) TERHADAP APOPTOSIS KARSINOMA SEL SKUAMOSA LIDAH MANUSIA

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common malignancy in the oral cavity.  Currently, cancer treatment using surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and its combination.  New strategy for cancer therapy is by searching herbal which can induce apoptosis. Bromelain is one of a potential anticancer agent that can induce apoptosis. Pineapple stem is one of a potential herbal medicine because of its bromelain enzyme content. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between pineapple stem ethanol extract and apoptosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Oral tongue  squamous  cell  carcinoma  cell  line was  treated  with  three concentrations  under  IC50  of  pineapple  stem  ethanol  extract,  including  5.000, 5.500,  6.000  µg/ml.  In  apoptosis  test,  cell  stained  with  fluorochrome  ethidium bromide and acridine orange after 24 hours incubation. Fluorescence microscope was used for counting the cell. Viable cell would be stained green and apoptotic cell would be stained yellow to orange. Probit analysis was used to determine IC50 of pineapple stem ethanol extract on Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Pearson analysis used to know the correlation between pineapple stem ethanol extract concentration and Oral tongue squamous  cell  carcinoma  cell  line apoptosis. The  result  showed  that  there  was  a  positive  correlation  between concentration  of  pineapple  stem  ethanol extract  and  apoptotic  cell  (r=0,999, p<0,05). In conclusion, pineapple stem ethanol extract treatment induced apoptosis of  oral  tongue  squamous  cell  carcinoma  and  the  increases  of  pineapple  stem ethanol extract concentration followed by the increase of apoptosis induction. Karsinoma  sel  skuamosa  lidah  merupakan  salah  satu  keganasan  yang sering terjadi di rongga mulut. Perawatan yang ada saat ini meliputi pembedahan, radioterapi, kemoterapi, maupun kombinasi ketiganya. Salah satu perawatan yang sedang  dikembangkan  antara  lain  adalah pencarian bahan alam/herbal yang dapat menginduksi  apoptosis  sel kanker.  Bromelain  memiliki  potensi  antikanker  salah  satunya  dengan menginduksi apoptosis. Bonggol nanas merupakan salah  satu bahan herbal  yang potensial  dikembangkan  untuk  perawatan  alternatif  karena  adanya  kandungan enzim  bromelain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah  untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak etanol bonggol nanas terhadap apoptosis biakan sel karsinoma skuamosa lidah manusia. Biakan  sel  karsinoma skuamosa  lidah manusia  diberi  perlakuan ekstrak  etanol  bonggol nanas tiga  konsentrasi  dibawah  nilai  IC50,  yang  diperoleh  dari  uji  sitotoksisitas,  yaitu konsentrasi 5.000, 5.500, dan 6.000 µg/ml. Pada uji apoptosis, setelah diinkubasi selama  24  jam,  sel  diwarnai  dengan  flurokrom  ethidium  bromide  dan  acridine orange. Pengamatan dan perhitungan dilakukan di bawah mikroskop flurescence. Sel  hidup  tercat  berwarna  hijau,  dan  sel  yang  mengalami  apoptosis  berwarna kuning  hingga oranye.  Analisis probit digunakan untuk menentukan nilai IC50 ekstrak etanol bonggol nanas dan Uji korelasi  pearson digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol bonggol nanas dengan prosentase sel apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50 esktrak etanol bonggol nanas pada biakan karsinoma sel skuamosa lidah. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif antara konsentrasi ekstrak  etanol  bonggol  nanas  dan  apoptosis  (r  =  0,999,  p<0,05).  Kesimpulan  pada  penelitian  ini  adalah  bahwa  bonggol  nanas  mampu menginduksi  apoptosis  dan  terdapat  peningkatan  persentase  apoptosis  sel  yang sebanding dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol bonggol nanas.

Tongue coating index as a risk factor of decline of taste sensitivity in the elderly population

The elderly had various oral health issues, one of which is taste sensitivity. Taste sensitivity is highly affected by a person’s health, medication, eating habits, nutritional status, and oral hygiene. As an important organ for the sense of taste, the tongue can be covered in a white coating of debris, bacteria, and dead cells. To clean the tongue coating, one can do tongue brushing procedure, but this practice is not common among the elderly, especially in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 114 older adults (n= 114) in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta- DIY), Indonesia, who were selected using stratified random sampling. The participants first signed the informed consent before undergoing an interview and going through oral clinical examination. This research particularly measured the tongue coating index and taste sensitivity level by way of statistically analyzing both variables to determine the correlation between tongue coating index and taste sensitivity level using three-dropmethod. Data from 114 subjects were presented descriptively using table and graphic. Most of the subjects 90.53% (103 subjects) had a coated tongue with various degree. The correlation statistic between tongue coating index and taste sensitivity level showed the statistically significant correlation (p-value = 0.019) and the coefficient correlation was -0.216, which means that there was a negative and weak correlation between both. Elderly with a higher tongue coating index tended to have less taste sensitivity. This could be due to debris blocking taste buds, thereby reducing taste sensitivity

Prevalence and identification of oral candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes in Yogyakarta

Patients with diabetes are prone to recurring and even resistant Candidiasis, making treatment challenging. Many hypotheses proposed related to susceptibility of diabetic patients to Candida. The prevalence and species of Candida in a particular diabetic community might be different compared to other diabetic community. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida colony and its species in the oral cavity of diabetic patients included in the CDM (Chronic Disease Management) program in Yogyakarta. One hundred patients with type 2 diabetes (n= 100) were recruited as the subjects of this study. The subjects were classified into controlled and uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus (DM). Samples of oral rinse solution were collected to determine the species of Candida and number of Candida colonies using CHROMagar Candida medium. There were 47 and 53 of subjects with controlled and uncontrolled DM, respectively. The mean number of Candida colony in the subjects with controlled diabetes (1003.13) was higher than that in the subjects with uncontrolled diabetes (478.43). The Candida colony most commonly identified in the subjects with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes were C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. Female patients had higher mean number of Candida colony (859.51) compared to male (299.21). The Candida colony most often identified in both genders was C. albicans. In addition, the subjects of this study consisted of 83 geriatric subjects and 17 non geriatric subjects, in which the mean number of Candida colony in the geriatric subjects (761.77) was higher than that in the non-geriatric subjects (545.71). The Candida colony most often identified in the geriatric subjects and non-geriatric subjects was C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively. The Mann Whitney test demonstrated that there was a significant difference (p = 0.009) of the mean number of Candida colony between male and female. However, there was no significant difference of the mean number of Candida colony between ages (p = 0.060) and diabetic status (p=0.175). It can be concluded that the Candida species most commonly identified in all the subjects was Candida albicans with the mean colony number of 349.96, followed by C. glabrata (225.97), C. krusei (144.91), C. tropicalis (3.67), and other species (2.02)

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Panjangrejo Bantul Yogyakarta sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Desa Sehat Gigi dan Mulut 2030

Oral health problem in Indonesian has increased. Yogyakarta is the fourth province with the highest number oral health problem and the third province with the highest Effective Medical Demands (EMD) for oral health in Indonesia. This fact indicates that it needs the attention of many parties to solve this problem, especially in Yogyakarta. Through community empowerment, community will be able to independently maintain their oral health and can be expected to be one of a solution to overcome the existing problems.The establishment of Oral Health Cadre (KADEGI) is a form of community empowerment strategy in terms of human resource development. Community empowerment, using the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method, is very effective to help the KADEGI mastered several skills such as (a) able to do dental health education, (b) able to do early detection of oral disease and (c) able to refer oral health cases to the nearest public health services (puskesmas).The results of KADEGI's work in data collecting of oral health problem in Desa Panjangrejo showed that from 1.198 respondents who were examined, 64% of respondents had tooth cavities and 49% had debris and calculus. These data indicate that Desa Panjangrejo’s resident are still need special attention in oral health problem by various parties

Oral Conditions as Risk Factors for Low Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among the Elderly Population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Objective Approximately 70% of the elderly population living in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has a low oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This study aimed to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL in the elderly population of Yogyakarta. Materials and Methods Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Community Periodontal Index, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, and the number of natural occluding pairs (NOP) were assessed for 153 participants aged ≥ 60 years. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, and OHRQoL were also examined using Xerostomia Inventory (XI), unstimulated spitting whole saliva collecting method, and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire, respectively. OHRQoL was categorized as low, moderate, and high. Statistical Analysis Bivariate and multivariate tests were conducted to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL. Results Initial analysis of characteristics of participants revealed that hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤ 5, poor OHI-S, and low OHRQoL were experienced by 40 (26.1%), 92 (60.1%), 39 (25.5%), 110 (71.9%), 112 (73.2%), 44 (28.8%), and 108 (70.6%) participants, respectively. Relative risk (RR) and p values for hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤5, and poor OHI-S were found to be at 1.573 (CI 0.681–3.637) and 0.225; 2.532 (CI 1.255–5.108) and 0.006; 0.846 (CI 0.391–1.830) and 0.606; 1.759 (CI 0.843–3.670) and 0.110; 1.133 (CI 0.522–2.461) and 0.008; and 2.723 (CI 1.293–5.734) and 0.632, respectively. Multivariate tests showed that xerostomia and NOP ≤5 had RR of 2.519 (CI 1.221–5.195) and 2.536 (CI 1.175–5.477), respectively

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa Panjangrejo Bantul Yogyakarta sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Desa Sehat Gigi dan Mulut 2030

Oral health problem in Indonesian has increased. Yogyakarta is the fourth province with the highest number oral health problem and the third province with the highest Effective Medical Demands (EMD) for oral health in Indonesia. This fact indicates that it needs the attention of many parties to solve this problem, especially in Yogyakarta. Through community empowerment, community will be able to independently maintain their oral health and can be expected to be one of a solution to overcome the existing problems.The establishment of Oral Health Cadre (KADEGI) is a form of community empowerment strategy in terms of human resource development. Community empowerment, using the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method, is very effective to help the KADEGI mastered several skills such as (a) able to do dental health education, (b) able to do early detection of oral disease and (c) able to refer oral health cases to the nearest public health services (puskesmas).The results of KADEGI's work in data collecting of oral health problem in Desa Panjangrejo showed that from 1.198 respondents who were examined, 64% of respondents had tooth cavities and 49% had debris and calculus. These data indicate that Desa Panjangrejo’s resident are still need special attention in oral health problem by various parties

Pengaruh karakteristik sosio-demografi terhadap kondisi jaringan periodontal pada penduduk usia lanjut di Yogyakarta: penelitian potong lintang

Populasi lanjut usia merupakan fenomena global yang menjadi tren paling signifikan saat ini dan telah terjadi di semua negara dengan berbagai tingkat perkembangan, termasuk Indonesia. Penyakit periodontal merupakan salah satu permasalahan kesehatan oral yang utama di masyarakat dan keparahannya meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya usia. Penyakit periodontal memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap kualitas hidup lanjut usia dan merefleksikan permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkajipengaruh karakteristik sosio-demografi terhadap kondisi jaringan periodontal pada penduduk usia lanjut di Yogyakarta. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang ini melibatkan 108 responden (n = 108) berusia ≥ 60 tahun. Karakteristik sosio-demografi yang diteliti pada penelitian ini meliputi jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan karakteristik wilayah tempat tinggal. Kondisi jaringan periodontal dinilai berdasarkan status perdarahan (bleeding on probing), tingkat kedalaman poket periodontal (pocket depth), dan kehilangan perlekatan jaringan periodontal (clinical attachment loss). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan dankarakteristik wilayah tempat tinggal berpengaruh terhadap status perdarahan (p = 0,001, p = 0,015) dan rerata kedalaman poket (p = 0,005, p = 0,027), namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap rerata kehilangan perlekatan jaringan periodontal (CAL) (p = 0,148, p = 0,105). Pada penelitian ini, jenis kelamin tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap kondisi jaringan periodontal, baik pada status perdarahan (BOP) (p = 0,399), rerata kedalaman poket (PD) (p = 0,365), maupun rerata kehilangan perlekatan jaringan periodontal (CAL) (p = 0,179). Tingkat pendidikan dan karakteristik wilayah tempat tinggal berpengaruh terhadap kondisi jaringan periodontal (BOPdan PD) pada populasi lanjut usia, sehingga aspek tersebut perlu dipertimbangkan dalam perencanaan intervensi pencegahan penyakit periodontal pada lanjut usia