Results of Hepatitis B Vaccination 3 Years After a Primary Vaccine Series in Medical Students

Objective：To investigate the significance of additional hepatitis B （HB） vaccination in medical students who were unresponsive to a primary vaccine series or those who had lost antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen （anti-HBs）.Methods：Subjects were followed up for 3 years after completion of a primary HB vaccine series. One additional dose was given to those who lost the anti-HBs within 3 years after the initial series, while 3 doses were given to those who had not responded to the initial vaccination. Subjects：100 medical students （59 men and 41 women；mean age on admission to university, 19.4±1.6 years） enrolled at the School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University in April 2012.Results：The rate of positivity for anti-HBs was 98％ soon after completion of the primary HB vaccine series and decreased without the need for additional vaccination to 79％, 61％, and 55％ at 1, 2, and 3 years after the primary series, respectively. Eighteen vaccinated subjects （18％） lost the anti-HBs 2 years after the primary series, and all of them responded to 1 additional dose. Another 18 successfully vaccinated subjects （18％） were anti-HBs negative both 1 and 2 years after the primary series；17 of them responded to 1 additional dose. As for 2 subjects （2％） who were unresponsive to the primary series, 1 became anti-HBs-positive for the first time after 3 additional doses given 2 years after the primary series.Conclusion：A number of students became or remained anti-HBs negative after the primary HB vaccination, indicating that its timing and dose of additional vaccination need to be studied further to evaluate its utility

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The practice elements of basic nursing education program area : 1. To train nursing students to better cmmunicate and empathize with their patients. 2. To train nursing students to provide the patient\u27s basic human needs. 3. To train nursing students to understand the patient holistically (physisally, mentally, and socially) and to answer questions regarding the whole process of birth, aging, illness and death. It is important that the above curriculum be given step by step throughout the 2 years of their education. We conducted a study on number I above. The paper will deal with the basic cncept of \u27Communication Practice\u27 introduction and its effectiveness

Constitutive activation of mTORC1 signaling induced by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in SZT2 underlies a discernible neurodevelopmental disease.

There have been increasing number of reports of SZT2-related neurological diseases, the main symptoms of which are epilepsy, developmental delay, macrocephaly and a dysmorphic corpus callosum. SZT2 functions as a regulator of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in cultured human cell lines and mouse tissues. However, it remains to be determined whether mutations in SZT2 in human patients alter mTORC1 signaling. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional consequence of biallelic SZT2 variants in Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established from two patients with a typical SZT2-related neurodevelopmental disease. Increased phosphorylation of S6 kinase and S6 was identified in patient-derived cell lines under amino acid-starved condition, suggestive of constitutive hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling. This result was validated by constitutive lysosomal localization of mTOR in patients' LCLs. Furthermore, patients' LCLs display an excessive response to slight amino acid stimulation. Our data suggest the loss-of-function nature of SZT2 mutations in the patients, and consequent hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling in response to both amino acid starvation and stimulation in their LCLs. By these functional analyses, the pathogenicity of newly identified SZT2 variants can be determined, allowing for more detailed characterization of genotype-phenotype correlations

Large-scale discovery of novel neurodevelopmental disorder-related genes through a unified analysis of single-nucleotide and copy number variants

Background Previous large-scale studies of de novo variants identified a number of genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); however, it was also predicted that many NDD-associated genes await discovery. Such genes can be discovered by integrating copy number variants (CNVs), which have not been fully considered in previous studies, and increasing the sample size. Methods We first constructed a model estimating the rates of de novo CNVs per gene from several factors such as gene length and number of exons. Second, we compiled a comprehensive list of de novo single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 41,165 individuals and de novo CNVs in 3675 individuals with NDDs by aggregating our own and publicly available datasets, including denovo-db and the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study data. Third, summing up the de novo CNV rates that we estimated and SNV rates previously established, gene-based enrichment of de novo deleterious SNVs and CNVs were assessed in the 41,165 cases. Significantly enriched genes were further prioritized according to their similarity to known NDD genes using a deep learning model that considers functional characteristics (e.g., gene ontology and expression patterns). Results We identified a total of 380 genes achieving statistical significance (5% false discovery rate), including 31 genes affected by de novo CNVs. Of the 380 genes, 52 have not previously been reported as NDD genes, and the data of de novo CNVs contributed to the significance of three genes (GLTSCR1, MARK2, and UBR3). Among the 52 genes, we reasonably excluded 18 genes [a number almost identical to the theoretically expected false positives (i.e., 380 x 0.05 = 19)] given their constraints against deleterious variants and extracted 34 plausible candidate genes. Their validity as NDD genes was consistently supported by their similarity in function and gene expression patterns to known NDD genes. Quantifying the overall similarity using deep learning, we identified 11 high-confidence (> 90% true-positive probabilities) candidate genes: HDAC2, SUPT16H, HECTD4, CHD5, XPO1, GSK3B, NLGN2, ADGRB1, CTR9, BRD3, and MARK2. Conclusions We identified dozens of new candidates for NDD genes. Both the methods and the resources developed here will contribute to the further identification of novel NDD-associated genes.This work was supported by AMED under grant numbers JP21ek0109486, JP21ek0109549, and JP21ek0109493 (N. Matsumoto); JP19dm0107133, JP19ek0109381, 19dm0307028, and 19km0405214 (A. Takata); JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP20H03641 (H. Saitsu); JP19H03621 (N. Miyake), JP20H05777, JP21H02855, and JP16H06254 (A. Takata); JP15K10367 (M. Nakashima); JP20K07907 (S. Miyatake); JP20K08164 (T. Mizuguchi); JP20K17936 (A. Fujita); and JP20K16932 (K. Hamanaka); the Takeda Science Foundation (T. Mizuguchi, N. Miyake, H. Saitsu, N. Matsumoto); The Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science ; Medical Care (S. Miyatake); and an intramural grant of YCU (K. Hamanaka). The funding source had no role in the conduct of the study.AMED [JP21ek0109486, JP21ek0109549, JP21ek0109493, JP19dm0107133, JP19ek0109381, 19dm0307028, 19km0405214]; JSPS KAKENHI [JP20H03641, JP19H03621, JP20H05777, JP21H02855, JP16H06254, JP15K10367, JP20K07907, JP20K08164, JP20K17936, JP20K16932]; Takeda Science Foundation; Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science Medical Care; YC

Concentration of radiocesium in the wild Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) over the first 15 months after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Following the massive earthquake that struck eastern Japan on March 11, 2011, a nuclear reactor core meltdown occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company, and was followed by the release of large amounts of radioactive materials. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of radiocesium (134)Cs and (137)Cs in the muscle of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) inhabiting the forest area of Fukushima City and to determine the change in concentration over time as well as the relationship with the level of soil contamination. Cesium concentrations in the muscle of monkeys captured at locations with 100,000-300,000 Bq/m(2) were 6,000-25,000 Bq/kg in April 2011 and decreased over 3 months to around 1,000 Bq/kg. However, the concentration increased again to 2,000-3,000 Bq/kg in some animals during and after December 2011 before returning to 1,000 Bq/kg in April 2012, after which it remained relatively constant. This pattern of change in muscle radiocesium concentration was similar to that of the change in radiocesium concentration in atmospheric fallout. Moreover, the monkeys feed on winter buds and the cambium layer of tree bark potentially containing higher concentrations of radiocesium than that in the diet during the rest of the year. The muscle radiocesium concentration in the monkeys related significantly with the level of soil contamination at the capture locations