Mass Incarceration Is Dead, Long Live the Carceral State!

Reviewing: James Forman, Jr. - Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America; Issa Kohler-Hausmann - Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing; Heather Schoenfeld - Building the Prison State: Race and the Politics of Mass Incarceratio

Mass Incarceration Is Dead, Long Live the Carceral State!

Reviewing: James Forman, Jr. - Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America; Issa Kohler-Hausmann - Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing; Heather Schoenfeld - Building the Prison State: Race and the Politics of Mass Incarceratio

Racial Innocence: Law, Social Science, and the Unknowing of Racism in the US Carceral State

Racial innocence is the practice of securing blamelessness for the death-dealing realities of racial capitalism. This article reviews the legal, social scientific, and reformist mechanisms that maintain the racial innocence of one particular site: the US carceral state. With its routine dehumanization, violence, and stunning levels of racial disparity, the carceral state should be a hard test case for the willful unknowing of obvious devastation. Nonetheless, the law presumes "no racism," condones racial profiling, and interprets racial disparity in policing and imprisonment as evidence of true racial difference in criminality, not discrimination. Prominent social science research too often mimics these practices, producing research that aids in the collective erasure of racism. © 2019 Annual Reviews Inc

Mapping the shadow carceral state: Toward an institutionally capacious approach to punishment

The expansion of the US carceral state has been accompanied by the emergence of what we call the ‘shadow carceral state’. Operating beyond the confines of criminal law and justice institutions, the shadow carceral state expands penal power through institutional annexation and legal hybridity, including: (1) increased civil and administrative pathways to incarceration; (2) the creation of civil ‘alternatives’ to invalidated criminal statutes; and (3) the incorporation of criminal law into administrative legal processes in ways that enhance state carceral power. Although legal doctrine deems civil and administration sanctions to be ‘not-punishment’, we call for a broad understanding of penal power and the carceral state

Efficient production of biolipids by crude glycerol-assimilating fungi

The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms utilizing crude glycerol as a carbon source efficiently and to evaluate their lipid productivity. Fusarium oxysporum W1 grew well on medium containing 20% crude glycerol as well as 50% pure glycerol. The dry cell weights and total fatty acids of F. oxysporum W1 reached 24.5 g/L and 12.4 g/L. Penicillium sp. N1 and P. citrinum N3 were found to accumulate free fatty acids to as much as 56.2 % and 48.5 % of total fatty acids, respectively, on cultivation in the crude glycerol-containing medium. These strains grew well on medium containing crude glycerol only heat-treated at 80-105°C without autoclave sterilization

Microbial production of hydroxy fatty acids utilizing crude glycerol

Strain D2 was isolated from a natural sample as a crude glycerol-assimilating microorganism. The ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence of strain D2 was most similar to that of Fusarium solani deposited in the NCBI database. Strain D2 accumulated 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA), 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (HYB), and 10-oxooctadecanoic acid (KetoB) in a medium containing crude glycerol, as a carbon source, and yeast extract, named CG medium. The growth and HYB production of strain D2 depended on the crude glycerol concentration in the medium. Strain D2 produced 2.20 g/L (40% of total fatty acids) of HYB on cultivation in CG medium containing 8% crude glycerol. When strain D2 was cultivated in CG medium containing 6% crude glycerol, the yield of HYB on cultivation under 4 days-shaking and 3 days-static conditions reached 1.19 g/L, which was 2.2 times higher than that under 7 days-shaking conditions and accounted for 53% of total fatty acids. The fungus was found not only to efficiently produce fatty acids utilizing crude glycerol, but also to be the first filamentous fungus to produce hydroxy and oxo fatty acids such as HYB, HYA, and KetoB