The history of Traube\u27s stethoscope in Japan, America and Europe through literatures and photographs, and research into the spiritual bonds between midwives and mothers

[Purpose] In this study, we examined the history of Traube (tubular stethoscope), which has been used by maternity nurses since the 1800\u27s for the diagnosis and practice of midwifery. In addition, we determined the contemporary significance of the bond between maternity nurses and pregnant women through Traube, based on the literature on midwifery in which maternity nurses provided support to pregnant women using this medical instrument. [Method] The analysis was based on historical data related to midwifery. The primary and secondary parameters were identified by consulting the Japan Medical Abstracts Society website and library book storerooms and by searching and extracting relevant books from the libraries of medical departments at historical universities and the National Diet Library in Japan. [Result] The data collected from the 1800\u27s to 2000\u27s were divided into three areas : age, region, and contents of description. We prepared chronological tables on the history and photographs of Traube in Japan, America, and Europe, using data extracted over a period of time. The data describing the use of Traube to listen to fetal heart tones in pregnant women was divided into two areas, i.e., description and age, to prepare a historical chronological table. [Discussion] During the postmodern age, birth delivery at home or in residential regions was the origin of manual midwifery. Maternity nurses encouraged pregnant women using their hands, eyes, ears, and mind, based on the five senses. This practice has been preserved over the years through the diagnosis and practice of midwifery by listening to the fetal heart tones using Traube. Maternity nurses deepened their love for pregnant women and their unborn child using the warmth of their hands and Traube and in combination with their mind

Establishing child-care support: Perspective-patterns on child-rearing, derived from the CPS-M97 measurement scale for professional mothers of infants and toddlers

Both qualitative and quantitative social support is imperative for mothers of infants and toddlers. To address this issue, this study ascertained four perspective patterns on child-rearing amongst "professional mothers" (sengyo haha-oya) of children ages 0-3. This was accomplished through use of the CPS-M97 Perspectives on Child-Rearing Measurement Scale, comprising five conceptual subscales designed explicitly for the purpose of gauging views on child-rearing amongst the aforementioned target group (Naitoh et al. 1998). The studyfocuses on two subscales in particular: 1) "Maternal Satisfaction and Sense of Fulfillment"; and 2) "Maternal Burden and Sense of Anxiety." In addition to these, the CPS-M97 measurement also featured a 3-item section concerning "Child-Centrism and the Strengthening of the Mother\u27s Role," and another 3-item section addressing a mother\u27s "Image of [her] Child," constituting, in total, a set of 18 questions with a factor contribution of 58.6%. Data used for our analysis were 303 returned questionnaires (an effective respondent rate of 30.3%) from professional mothers at an average age of 30.93 years (SD=5.55 years). The framework of the study took mothers\u27 perspectives on child rearing as an independent variable and analyzed it through three different models in relation to the following dependent variables: a) the level of child-rearing activity; b) the level of spousal verbal support; c) the level of mothers\u27 self-esteem. Mothers\u27 perspectives in and of themselves were analyzed through the subscale of "Maternal Satisfaction and Sense of Fulfillment", plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane against the subscale of "Maternal Burden and Sense of Anxiety." Four distinct perspective patterns emerged. We calculated the correlation coefficient to be -0.395 (p<0.001), indicating to us that, although some correlation existed, it was not sufficiently prominent. We thus decided to proceed using the four patterns. A one-way fixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) run on the comparative number of self-esteem points scored between each of these perspective patterns revealed significant differences amongst the patterns. The result of multiple comparisons using the LSD method revealed that mothers of the Negative type had significantly lower levels of self-esteem than Natural and Positive types. Meanwhile, mothers of the ambivalent type had lower levels of self-esteem than Positive types. We conclude that the development of an objective taxonomy vis-a-vis CPS-M97 will enable public health centers, day care facilities, etc. to screen mothers experiencing feelings of anxiety or burden, fostering a new awareness of maternal roles and responsibilities As a method of social support, its ultimate effect will be to raise the quality of life for professional mothers and unlock a hidden potential for joy in the duties of child-rearing

Research on greif and belief of infertile women through narratives

In this study, we conducted qualitative research with an inductive and descriptive approach, with the aim of understanding women\u27s experience of, what it means to them, as well as their beliefs in life. We interviewed seven married women who had never had a child and had points in vitro fertilization. Word-for-word transcripts of the narratives of the participants were created and important stories were extracted. We read the transcripts carefully and thoroughly to understandthe narratives by putting ourselves in the infertile position. Furthermore, we extracted their "life stories" and clarified their \u27beliefs\u27 from them. We found that the participants benefitted from their experience of pushing themselves to the limit in terms of treatment, felt the limitations of the treatments, and faced the reality of being unable to become pregnant no matter how strong their desire is. The factors underlying their feelings and emotions were the support of their husbands and others around them, their perception of possibility of the pregnancy, and uncertainty of successful treatment. The participants had a strong belief that they could get pregnant and had high expectations for the treatment, while they suffered the same level of disappointment every time their efforts failed. The participants typically described a cycle consisting of positive and negative emotional states. Some experienced extreme positive and negative emotional levels in a large wave pattern, and others experienced emotional cycles with small amplitudes in a small wave pattern, as if they were trying to suppress their hopes for the treatment in order to avoid greater disappointment later. Some women had a belief that they would bear a child someday to make their husband a father, and shared their stressful experience with them. Others believed that they would fulfil their purpose as a woman by having a child. By talking about their experiences, infertile women may be able to discover values in their stressful experience and find it worthwhile to think about their marital relationship. In addition, encouraging infertile women to talk about their experience is a useful form of care as it helps lessen their grief and lead to emotional healing

Emotional progression of mothers with ELBW children and care services they require -- A conceptual diagram based on mothers\u27 narratives --

This study aims to analyze the narratives of mothers with ELBW children to investigate the significance of their stories or episodes within, and gain insight as to what types of cares should be provided to those mothers. In this qualitative study, we adopted a narrative approach to examine the emotions of mothers of ELBW children. We conducted interviews with seven mothers with ELBW children who consented to participate in the study. Their stories were extracted from narrative data collected in the form of word-for-word transcripts of the interviews and closely examined. Four positive themes: [the child is alive], [the mother\u27s harmonious relationships with others], [mother\u27s acceptance of her child], and [the mother\u27s learning from her child], as well as three negative ones: , , and , were identified in the narratives. A conceptual diagram was constructed to show the progression of mothers\u27 feelings and emotions. It illustrates that positive stories or episodes helped the mothers overcome negative ones, thereby encouraging them to reach the stages [of the mother\u27s acceptance of her child] and [mother\u27s learning from her child]. The narratives of the mothers included both positive and negative stories. Our examination of the narrative s suggests that it is essential to help them feel that their children are alive and gain more confidence as a mother in order for them to gain positive perspectives on life. These are also significant factors contributing to maternal role attainment. The conceptual diagram illustrates the process through which mothers with ELBW children receive benefits from collaborating in the interviews with their caregivers who they feel truly understand their pain, and eventually mature as mothers by learning from their own children

Processes for Instilling Confidence in Mothers to Continue BreastFeeding

This study clarifies the process through which mothers gain confidence during continued breastfeeding. Using an interview guide, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight mothers. The interviews focused on the process through which mothers gain confidence during continued breastfeeding. The data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis, drawing on Saiki\u27s grounded theory approach. The average age of the particpants was 31.3 (+-4.34). The mothers displayed desire and enthusiasm from the time of their pregnancy as they . Then, as the mothers , they moved from having the perception that {communication by way of breastfeeding is something special} to achieving a sense of oneness by feeling that they were [always together with their infant during breastfeeding]. The mothers succeeded in through consultations with midwives and other medical professionals. Moreover, as the mothers came to {understand the simplicity and virtue of breasts by investing effort in breastfeeding}, they {recognized the possibility of feeding the infant only breast milk}, affording them a degree of . On the other hand, {early anxiety about breastfeeding} led to increased and fatigue among the mothers, as well as a sense of . In addition, the notion that {doing nothing would lead to the use of powdered milk} led mothers to experience . Both before and after giving birth, the mothers maintained a strong desire and enthusiasm as they , as well as a strong sense of oneness with their infant because they were [always together with their infant during breastfeeding]. Repeated breastfeeding helped the mothers acquire the ability to care for themselves, affording them a degree of emotional comfort, which, in turn, helped them develop confidence as they recognized that breastfeeding is possible precisely because it involves engagement with their own child

Qualitative analysis of emotional process mothers go through before becoming confident with breast-feeding

Objective: The Healthy Parents and Children 21 Project in Japan has set an objective to achieve a 60% breast-feeding rate among mothers who have one-month-old children. Using qualitative analysis, this study clarifies the emotional process that mothers experience before they feel confident with breast-feeding. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four mothers who were breast-feeding children ranging in age from 2 to 24 months, on their emotional transitions before they felt confident with breast-feeding, and analysis was performed with the use of Saiki\u27s grounded theory approach. With the agreement of the appropriate ethics committee, we explained our objective and protocol, and obtained final approval for the research in writing. Results: The average age of the mothers was 31.8 (+-4.3) years old, and the average interview time was 35.0 (+-17.3) minutes. On analyzing the emotional process the mothers we identified 【single-minded continuation of breast-feeding】 as the core category, and five sub-categories such as >, >, and > We created a single integrated diagram. Discussion: The mothers had had a strong desire to breast-feed even during pregnancy and >. Once they began breast-feeding the mothers gained a sense of security and confidence as they felt "relieved while breast milk was being released from their body". These feelings encouraged them to "single-mindedly continue to breast-feed", and "keeping up with it led them to appreciate the simplicity and beauty of breast-feeding" Conclusion: The Surveyed mothers developed affection for their children through mutual interactions between them by means of breast-feeding. Realizing that their breast milk is adequate to feed their children gave them the confidence to know that their bodies alone can support the growth of their children. The results of this study indicate the need for environments and support that help mothers remain motivated to breast-feed their children