Experimental investigation and performance evaluation of DI diesel engine fueled by waste oil-diesel mixture in emulsion with water

Exploitation of the natural reserves of petroleum products has put a tremendous onus on the automotive industry. Increasing pollution levels and the depletion of the petroleum reserves have lead to the search for alternate fuel sources for internal combustion engines. Usage of vegetable oils poses some challenges like poor spray penetration, valve sticking and clogging of injector nozzles. Most of these problems may be solved by partial substitution of diesel with vegetable oil. In this work, the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil-diesel emulsion with different water contents are evaluated. The use of waste cooking oil-diesel emulsion lowers the peak temperature, which reduces the formation of NOx. Moreover the phenomenon of micro explosion that results during the combustion of an emulsified fuel finely atomizes the fuel droplets and thus enhances combustion. Experiments show that CO concentration is reduced as the water content is increased and it is seen that 20% water content gives optimum results. Also, there is a significant reduction in NOx emissions

A Comparative Study On Spray and Atomization Behavior Of Lemon Peel Oil And Isooctane In A Gdi Engine Like Conditions.

In the present work, spray characteristics of Lemon Peel Oil (LPO) were studied to check its suitability in the direct injection spark ignition engine. From the fuel properties, it was observed that LPO has superior calorific value and comparable octane rating compared to the conventional biofuels, i.e., alcohols. Experiments were performed in a constant volume spray chamber under different engine like pressure and temperature conditions. A six-hole GDI injector was used to study the spray behavior of LPO and then compared to standard reference fuel, isooctane. The ambient conditions in the chamber were derived using the crank resolved pressure data of the GDI engine. The selected chamber conditions are a) 1.5 bar, 329 K; b) 2.5 bar, 371 K; c) 6.0 bar, 453 K. Three parameters,i.e., liquid penetration length, spray cone angle, and droplet distribution was studied to understand fuel spray behavior. Mie-scattering technique was used to determine liquidpenetration,and cone angle the droplet size distribution was measured using the Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA).Results showed that ambient pressure and temperature have a significant effect on spray behavior for both the selected fuels. The spray penetrationwas decreasedwith an increasein pressureand temperature. Both LPO and isooctane showed better droplet evaporation at higher pressure and temperature conditions

Numerical investigation on the effect of injection pressure on the internal flow characteristics for diethyl ether, dimethyl ether and diesel fuel injectors using CFD

The spray characteristics of the diesel fuel are greatly affected by the cavitation formed inside the injector due to the high pressure differential across the nozzle. Many researchers across the globe are exploring the potential of using diethyl ether and dimethyl ether as an alternate for diesel fuel to meet the strict emission norms. Due to the variation in the fuel properties the internal flow characteristics in injectors for ether fuels are expected to be different from that of the diesel fuel. In this paper computational technique is used to study and compare the internal flow characteristics of diethyl ether, dimethyl ether and diesel fuel. The two phase flow model considering the fuel as a mixture of liquid and vapor is adopted for the simulation study. The injection pressure is varied from 100 to 400 bar and the flow characteristics of all three fuels are simulated and compared. Results indicate that all three fuels have distinct cavitating patterns owing to different property values. The dimethyl ether is found to be more cavitating than diesel and diethyl ether fuels as expected. The mass of fuel injected are found to be decreasing for the ether fuels when compared with diesel fuel at all injection pressures

Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG): A futuristic fuel for internal combustion engines

Air pollution is fast becoming a serious global problem with increasing population and its subsequent demands. This has resulted in increased usage of hydrogen as fuel for internal combustion engines. Hydrogen resources are vast and it is considered as one of the most promising fuel for automotive sector. As the required hydrogen infrastructure and refueling stations are not meeting the demand, widespread introduction of hydrogen vehicles is not possible in the near future. One of the solutions for this hurdle is to blend hydrogen with methane. Such types of blends take benefit of the unique combustion properties of hydrogen and at the same time reduce the demand for pure hydrogen. Enriching natural gas with hydrogen could be a potential alternative to common hydrocarbon fuels for internal combustion engine applications. Many researchers are working on this for the last few years and work is now focused on how to use this kind of fuel to its maximum extent. This technical note is an assessment of HCNG usage in case of internal combustion engines. Several examples and their salient features have been discussed. Finally, overall effects of hydrogen addition on an engine fueled with HCNG under various conditions are illustrated. In addition, the scope and challenges being faced in this area of research are clearly described

Measurements and analysis of a solar-assisted city bus with a diesel engine

The volatility nature of world fossil fuel economy and stringent emission regulations around the globe have routed to search for sustainable renewable energy resources for automotive applications. Photovoltaic is one of the finest sustainable energy resources which can make significant contributions in power generation applications and act as decarbonization method for greenhouse gas reductions. This research work is a novel attempt to develop hybrid photovoltaic solar electric system for electricity production in a heavy-duty diesel engine driven city bus. A dedicated solar PV system of 2.88 kWp rated power has been installed in a city bus roof for electricity generation and its solar radiation rate has been analysed in one year duration on monthly basis under all ambient conditions in the Lublin city of Poland. A well-equipped data acquisition system is used to collect all the data for estimating the energy savings and carbon dioxide reduction. The real investigation of solar assisted city bus has shown remarkable enhancement of electricity generation of 900 W in summer season at mid-day. Interestingly, the hybrid solar PV system provided 89% of total electricity demand of city bus during clear weather conditions and substantial contributions are obtained even during winter season as well. Out of total electricity demand of 6327.9 kWh of city bus, the solar hybrid PV systems shared nearly 1257.4 kWh of electricity for 64,000 km distance coverage in one complete year. It has also been observed that nearly 21% of total electricity demand of city bus is supplied by solar hybrid PV systems which can save the annual diesel consumption of 630 L and also reduce 1.6 tonnes of green house gas emissions. Finally, it is concluded that suitable photovoltaic technology for automotive applications would improve the world fuel economy and can also produce the clean environment in near future

Effects of n-octanol as a fuel blend with biodiesel on diesel engine characteristics

Biodiesel can serve as possible alternate fuels in compression ignition engine as it leads to an effective reduction in consumption of fossil fuels. Moreover, it has been observed that biodiesel has the potential to reduce most exhaust emissions. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of n-octanol with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel on compression ignition engine characteristics. Five different fuel blends are prepared by varying the concentration of n-octanol from 10% to 50% on a volume basis. It has been observed that the addition of n-octanol with biodiesel decreases the calorific value due to its inherent oxygen content. A mixed 6 × 5 level full factorial design with 3 replications was used for conducting the experiment. The statistical test by analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that CIME blend has the greater influence, contributing 71.3% to HC emission. The engine load has greatest influence of 98.88% to BTE followed by 98.77% to NOx, 95.74% to CO and 75% to peak pressure. The experimental results showed that the increase of n-octanol fraction in blends prolonged the ignition delay generating higher peaks of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rates during the premixed mode of combustion. Brake thermal efficiency has improved with the increase of n-octanol fraction up to 30% and then started decreasing with further increase of n-octanol in blends. Brake specific fuel consumption has reduced by about 20% with the increase of n-octanol fraction by 50%. Furthermore, the cooling effect produced by a lower fraction of n-octanol in the blend reduces the in-cylinder temperature resulting in lower NOx emissions. However, the poor ignition and evaporation characteristics of n-octanol has resulted in increase of CO and smoke emissions. HC emissions increase with the increase of n-octanol percentage due to the overleaning effect of the excess oxygen content in the n-octanol. The higher fractions of n-octanol is beneficial in lowering the CO and smoke emissions because of enhanced combustion due to the presence of excess oxygen. Overall, the addition of lower fraction of n-octanol with biodiesel has enhanced the performance output with the reduction of NOx emission with noteworthy penalty in CO and HC emissions

Study on isobutanol and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel as a partial replacement in CI engine applications

Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel is seems to be a potential alternative fuel for diesel engine applications due to its non-edible form, easily cultivable nature and abundant availability everywhere in the world. Isobutanol is the next generation biofuel which can be used as partial substitute to petroleum diesel or biodiesel due to its better solvency character. In the present study, a comparative assessment on diesel engine characteristics is carried out using isobutanol as an additive with diesel and biodiesel in the form of binary and ternary blends. Five blends are prepared by 20% of isobutanol with diesel and biodiesel as D80IB20 and B80IB20 along with three ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-isobutanol using 10%, 15% and 20% concentrations of isobutanol. Experimental study in a diesel engine revealed that the brake thermal efficiency is improved by 3.19% for 10% isobutanol addition in diesel-biodiesel blends with significant improvement in brake specific fuel consumption when compared to biodiesel. All binary and ternary blends of isobutanol reduce CO emission by 13–59% than that of diesel fuel with substantial penalty in HC emission. Meanwhile, when compared to biodiesel, the oxides of nitrogen emission is decreased by 8.16% for isobutanol addition with diesel and biodiesel in terms of binary and ternary blends but higher than that of conventional diesel fuel. Furthermore, momentous improvement is observed in heat release rate during isobutanol addition for B80IB20, D70B10IB20, D70B15IB15 and D70B20IB10 fuel blends when compared to pure biodiesel. Finally, it is noted that isobutanol would be a feasible additive for the partial replacement of diesel and biodiesel in the blends for diesel engine applications

Experimental study of methyl tert-butyl ether as an oxygenated additive in diesel and Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester blended fuel in CI engine

This work presents the effect of the ternary oxygenated additive on diesel biodiesel blended fuel to evaluate the engine characteristics. The Calophyllum inophyllum trees being abundant in India can lessen the dependence on petroleum imports to a specific extent. Methyl tertiary butyl ether is used as an oxygenated additive for the ternary blends preparation as 5-20% by volume. Seven blends of neat baseline diesel, biodiesel (Calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel (50%), a blend of diesel (50%)-biodiesel-methyl tert-butyl ether (5, 10, 15, and 20%) are prepared which are tested on a single cylinder, constant speed diesel engine. The experimental results were revealed that the replacement of biodiesel by MTBE has shown a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency with a slight increase in brake-specific fuel consumption. Further, the MTBE addition in ternary blends reduced the unburned hydrocarbon, CO, and NOx by 63.9, 6.4, and 3.37% respectively. In addition, the carbon dioxide emission is almost similar to diesel fuel at a higher addition of MTBE with diesel-biodiesel blend. In the combustion point of view, the addition of 5% MTBE resulted in 3.49 and 5.1% reduction of peak pressure and heat release rate are observed as compared to diesel fuel. Critical analysis in combustion aspects is also carried out and it is witnessed with prolonged ignition delay during MTBE addition with diesel-biodiesel blends

Development of biofuel from Nigella sativa biomass and its suitability for energy application

Nigella sativa is one such plant species indigenous to Middle-east, Eastern Europe, and the Asian Subcontinent. Black cumin seeds derived from N. sativa are one of the identified biomasses to produce biodiesels for the use in an unmodified CI engine. The current study aims to evaluate the credibility of Nigella sativa methyl ester (NSME) as a suitable blend alongside mineral diesel in a common rail direct Injection engine via fundamental combustion analysis. In the present work, 20% of Nigella sativa methyl ester has been tested in diesel engine at 600 bar injection pressure under different pilot and main injection forms. The pilot injection mass has been varied from 5–15% along with variation in main injection also. An optimized injection strategy has been found with respect to performance and emissions for effective implementation of EGR at 10% and 20% rate. At 5% pilot injection, the NSME20 fuel showed comparable brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption at all engine loads. Furthermore, NOx emission of NSME20 fuel has been reduced by increasing the pilot injection rate when compared to diesel and this has been further reduced with 10–20% exhaust gas recirculation. On the other hand, the combustion characteristics of NSME20 blend also shown similar pattern like diesel fuel with slight reduction in cylinder pressure and heat release rate. Finally, it has been concluded that the newly developed Nigella sativa methyl ester can be used as sustainable biofuel for various energy applications in the present scenario. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]