Buoyancy- and pressure-driven motion in a vertical porous layer: Effects of quadratic drag

The seepage velocity arising from pressure and buoyancy driving forces in a slender vertical layer of fluid-saturated porous media is considered. Quadratic drag (Forcheimer effects) and Brinkman viscous forces are included in the analysis. Parameters are identified which characterize the influence of matrix permeability, quadratic drag and buoyancy. An explicit solution is obtained for pressure-driven flow which illustrates the influence of quadratic drag and the strong boundary layer behavior expected for low permeability media. The experimental data of Givler and Altobelli [2] for water seepage through a high porosity foam is found to yield good agreement with the present analysis. For the case of buoyancy-driven flow, a uniformly valid approximate solution is found for low permeability media. Comparison with the pressure-driven case shows strong similarities in the near-wall region. © 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers

Spectroscopic and NMR identification of novel hydride ions in fractional quantum energy states formed by an exothermic reaction of atomic hydrogen with certain catalysts

2K+ to K + K2+ and K to K3+ provide a reaction with a net enthalpy equal to one and three times the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, respectively. The presence of these gaseous ions or atoms with thermally dissociated hydrogen formed a so-called resonance transfer (rt)-plasma having strong VUV emission with a stationary inverted Lyman population. Significant line broadening of the Balmer $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$ lines of 18 eV was observed, compared to 3–4 eV from a hydrogen microwave plasma. Emission from rt-plasmas occurred even when the electric field applied to the plasma was zero. The reaction was exothermic since excess power of 20 mW cm−3 was measured by Calvet calorimetry. An energetic catalytic reaction was proposed involving a resonant energy transfer between hydrogen atoms and 2K+ or K to form very stable novel hydride ions H−(1/p) called hydrino hydrides having a fractional principal quantum numbers p = 2 and p = 4, respectively. Characteristic emission was observed from K2+ and K3+ that confirmed the resonant nonradiative energy transfer of 27.2 eV and 3 × 27.2 eV from atomic hydrogen to 2K+ and K, respectively. The product hydride ion H−(1/4) was observed spectroscopically at 110 nm corresponding to its predicted binding energy of 11.2 eV. The 1H MAS NMR spectrum of novel compound KH*Cl relative to external tetramethylsilane (TMS) showed a large distinct upfield resonance at −4.4 corresponding to an absolute resonance shift of −35.9 ppm that matched the theoretical prediction of p = 4. A novel peak of KH*I at −1.5 ppm relative to TMS corresponding to an absolute resonance shift of –33.0 ppm matched the theoretical prediction of p = 2. The predicted catalyst reactions, position of the upfield-shifted NMR peaks for H−(1/4) and H−(1/2), and spectroscopic data for H−(1/4) were found to be in agreement with the experimental observations as well as previously reported spectroscopic data for H−(1/2) and analysis of KH*Cl and KH*I containing these hydride ions