Analysis of lipid and lipid-fractions of some freshwater fishes and their inter-relationship

Two fish species each from carnivorous (Clarias batrachus, Channa punctatus), omnivorous (Cyprinus carpio, Cirrhinus reba), and plankton feeder (Catla catla, Labeo rohita) were collected from freshwater sources under natural habitat to study their total lipid (TL) and lipid-fractions. Significant relationship between these parameters was also worked out. The variation of total lipid and lipid-fractions in tissues of freshwater fishes were not significantly different (P>0.05). But a higher trend of total lipid and glyceride (TGL) contents were found in carnivores followed by omnivores and least in plankton feeders. The trend was reverse for total phospholipid, cholesterol and free fatty acids. TGL content in all class of fishes was significantly related with TL (P<0.01), phospholipid (PL) (P<0.001), cholesterol (P<0.05), free fatty acids (P<0.05) and monoglycerides (P<0.001). Similarly total lipid was linearly related with total glycerides (TL=-3.02 + 0.10 TGL) and phospholipid (TL=7.13-0.12 PL). From this study it is concluded that almost all lipid-fractions of freshwater fishes can be predicted easily from total lipid content of the tissue

Taste Masking and Molecular Properties of Metformin Hydrochloride-Indion 234 Complexes

Metformin hydrochloride is an oral antidiabetic biguinide agent, used in the management of non-insulin-dependent (type-2) diabetes mellitus. The purpose of present work was to formulate tasteless complexes of metformin hydrochloride with indion 234 and to evaluate molecular properties of drug complexes. The drug loading onto ion-exchange resin was optimized for mixing time, activation, effect of pH, mode of mixing, ratio of drug to resin, and temperature. Drug resin complexes (DRC) were evaluated for taste masking and characterized by x-ray diffraction study and infrared spectroscopy. Metformin hydrochloride release from DRC is obtained at salivary and gastric pH and in the presence of electrolytes. The efficient drug loading was evident in batch process using activated indion 234 with a pH of 3.5 and drug-resin ratio of 1:1.2, while temperature enhances the complexation process. Infrared spectroscopy revealed complexation of –NH (drug) with indion 234. DRC are amorphous in nature. Drug release from DRC in salivary pH was insufficient to impart bitter taste. Volunteers rated the complex as tasteless and agreeable. Complete drug release was observed at gastric pH in 3 h. The drug release was accelerated in the presence of electrolytes. Indion 234 is inexpensive, and the simple technique is effective for bitterness masking of metformin

Formulation and Characterization of Patient-Friendly Dosage Form of Ondansetron Hydrochloride

Ondansetron hydrochloride is an intensely bitter antiemetic drug used to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. The purpose of the present work was to mask the taste of ondansetron hydrochloride and to formulate its patient-friendly dosage form. Complexation technique using indion 234 (polycyclic potassium with carboxylic functionality) and an ion-exchange resin was used to mask the bitter taste and then the taste-masked drug was formulated into an orodispersible tablet (ODT). The drug loading onto the ion-exchange resin was optimized for mixing time, activation, effect of pH, mode of mixing, ratio of drug to resin and temperature. The resinate was evaluated for taste masking and characterized by X-ray diffraction study and infrared spectroscopy. ODTs were formulated using the drug–resin complex. The developed tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, content uniformity, friability, water absorption ratio, in vitro and in vivo disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The tablets disintegrated in vitro and in vivo within 24 and 27 s, respectively. Drug release from the tablet was completed within 2 min. The obtained results revealed that ondansetron HCl has been successfully taste masked and formulated into an ODT as a suitable alternative to the conventional tablets

TBCRC 048: Phase II Study of Olaparib for Metastatic Breast Cancer and Mutations in Homologous Recombination-Related Genes

PURPOSE Olaparib, a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi), is approved for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in germline (g)BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Olaparib Expanded, an investigator-initiated, phase II study, assessed olaparib response in patients with MBC with somatic (s)BRCA1/2 mutations or g/s mutations in homologous recombination (HR)–related genes other than BRCA1/2. METHODS Eligible patients had MBC with measurable disease and germline mutations in non-BRCA1/2 HR-related genes (cohort 1) or somatic mutations in these genes or BRCA1/2 (cohort 2). Prior PARPi, platinum-refractory disease, or progression on more than two chemotherapy regimens (metastatic setting) was not allowed. Patients received olaparib 300 mg orally twice a day until progression. A single-arm, two-stage design was used. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR); the null hypothesis (# 5% ORR) would be rejected within each cohort if there were four or more responses in 27 patients. Secondary endpoints included clinical benefit rate and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Fifty-four patients enrolled. Seventy-six percent had estrogen receptor–positive HER2-negative disease. Eighty-seven percent had mutations in PALB2, sBRCA1/2, ATM, or CHEK2. In cohort 1, ORR was 33% (90% CI, 19% to 51%) and in cohort 2, 31% (90% CI, 15% to 49%). Confirmed responses were seen only with gPALB2 (ORR, 82%) and sBRCA1/2 (ORR, 50%) mutations. Median PFS was 13.3 months (90% CI, 12 months to not available/computable [NA]) for gPALB2 and 6.3 months (90% CI, 4.4 months to NA) for sBRCA1/ 2 mutation carriers. No responses were observed with ATM or CHEK2 mutations alone. CONCLUSION PARP inhibition is an effective treatment for patients with MBC and gPALB2 or sBRCA1/2 mutations, significantly expanding the population of patients with breast cancer likely to benefit from PARPi beyond gBRCA1/2 mutation carriers. These results emphasize the value of molecular characterization for treatment decisions in MBC

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Not AvailableCyprinion semiplotus (McClelland) (Fam: Cyprinidae), also known as Assamese Kingfish, is a minor carp that occurs naturally in the Hill Rivers of North East India. This species is recognized as threatened as its occurrence has declined considerably in the rivers of Arunachal Pradesh in recent times. Hence, the present study is undertaken to establish base chromosomal data for application in future conservation measures. Five live specimens were collected from a tributary of River Dikrong near Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Samples were processed for chromosome preparation using a colchicine- KCl flame drying method (Khuda Bukhsh & Manna 1976). The diploid chromosome number (2n) for C. semiplotus was ascertained to be 50. The karyotype consisted of 12 metacentric, 8 submetacentric, 8 subtelocentric, and 22 telocentric chromosomes with a fundamental arm number (FN) 70. No sex chromosomes could be identified. This is the first report of a karyotype for Cyprinion semiplotus. The possible evolutionary significance of chromosome number is discussed.Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR

Anticataleptic and antiepileptic activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Mucuna pruriens: A study on role of dopaminergic system in epilepsy in albino rats

Objective : To assess the anticataleptic and antiepileptic activity of leaves of Mucuna pruriens in albino rats. Materials and Methods : Haloperidol-induced catalepsy (HIC), maximum electro-shock (MES) method, pilocarpine-induced Status epilepticus (PISE) and single-dose effect of M. pruriens were employed. Results : M. pruriens (100 mg/kg) had significant anticataleptic and antiepileptic activity in HIC, MES, and PISE. Conclusions : M. pruriens extract has the potential to be an anticataleptic and antiepileptic drug. Dopamine and 5-HT may have a role in such activity

Application of nanoemulsion-based approaches for improving the quality and safety of muscle foods: A comprehensive review.

Not AvailableRecently, there has been growing interest in implementing innovative nanoscience-based technologies to improve the health, safety, and quality of food products. A major thrust in this area has been to use nanoemulsions because they can easily be formulated with existing food ingredients and technologies. In particular, oil-in-water nanoemulsions, which consist of small oil droplets (<200 nm) dispersed in water, are being utilized as delivery systems for various hydrophobic substances in foods, including nutrients, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobials, colors, and flavors. In this article, we focus on the application of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for improving the quality, safety, nutritional profile, and sensory attributes of muscle foods, such as meat and fish. The article also critically reviews the formulation and fabrication of food-grade nanoemulsions, their potential benefits and limitations in muscle food systems.Not Availabl

Micro-pollutant Pb(II) mitigation and lipid induction in oleaginous microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana UUIND6

Green oleaginous microalgae are good candidates for the integration of heavy metal bioremediation with the generation of biofuels. To be effective, this requires a comprehensive understanding and optimization of the metal concentration that generates maximum growth along with a high yield of lipids from microalgae cells. This work follows the aforementioned strategy and involves the use of oleaginous microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana for lead mitigation and biodiesel production. The short-term effects (IC50 value at 96 h of culture) and the long-term effects (pigments and biomass) of the exposure of lead (Pb) to the growth and biochemical compositions (pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) of microalgae have been also determined. Chlorella sorokiniana has a high half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value and higher metal bio-concentration factor (BCF) for Pb (II), which represents that this strain can be considered as a lead (Pb) hyperbioaccumulator. FTIR analysis revealed a reduction in proteins and carbohydrates under the influence of Pb while an increase in lipids has been recorded. The lipid profile based on 1H NMR and GC–MS has been followed for the quality analysis of the biodiesel produced that indicated altered lipid profiles under stress by Pb and elevated levels of SFA and MUFA. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

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Not AvailableThe study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial qualities of cooked chicken bites coated with Aloe vera gel (AVG) based edible coating alone or in combination with Moringaoleifera leaves (MOL) extract. Cookedchicken bites were divided into three groups; uncoated control (C), AVG based edible coating (CAG), and CAG containing 0.3%Moringaoleifera leaves extract (CAM). Lipid oxidation, pH, moisture content, total plate count, and sensory attributes of aerobicallypackaged control and treated chicken bites were evaluated at weekly interval up to 28 days. AVG and MOL extracts had a higheramount of total phenolics(17.84 mg GAE/g vs 43 mg GAE/g) and strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (65% vs 76%). Chickenbites coated with CAG and CAM showed significantly (p<0.05) lower lipid oxidation than control. Coated chicken bites (CAGand CAM) contained higher moisture contents than the control group throughout the storage period. The total bacterial load wassignificantly (p<0.05) reduced by the use of AVG based coating as well as MOL extracts. Untreated control had significantly (p<0.05) lower sensory flavor and acceptability scores then treated chicken bites. However, no significant difference in the sensoryproperties between the CAG and CAM treated chicken bites was detected. Findings indicate that AVG alone in combination withMOL extracts (CAM) could be used to extend the shelf life and retain the quality of meat productsNot Availabl

Algae-based sustainable approach for simultaneous removal of micropollutants, and bacteria from urban wastewater and its real-time reuse for aquaculture

Freshwater consumption by humans has reached its peak, magnifying a dearth to freshwater availability across the world. The rising demand for freshwater has led to an interest in using purified wastewater for reuse. In this study, a novel microalgal strain Pseudochlorella pringsheimii — Ind-Jiht-1 was assessed in a pilot-scale for phyco-mitigation of various pollutants in the raw urban wastewater, including heavy metals as well as antibiotics resistant bacteria. The results appeared promising; the technology achieved an 83.2% reduction in COD, 66.7% in alkalinity and 69.6% in hardness. Moreover, almost complete reductions in total bacterial and total coliforms could be achieved. Three isolates viz., IS-2, IS-9 and IS-10, which were in the raw wastewater, could be obtained even after the 14-days microalgal-treatment of the wastewater. IS-2 was the most dominating bacterial species and able to thrive in urban wastewater even after the treatment. The treated wastewater was used to cultivate the sucker fishes. Bodyweight of the fishes was measured for evaluating their growth rates. The average survival rates of the sucker fish in the raw wastewater and treated wastewater were 0% and 84%, respectively. Results confirm that the algae-based technology not only reduces the micropollutants and bacteria from urban wastewater but also offers a platform for reuse of treated water for low-cost fish cultivation. © 2021 Elsevier B.V