The Use of Digital Technology for COVID-19 Detection and Response Management in Indonesia: Mixed Methods Study

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the greater use of digital technologies as part of the healthcare response in many countries, including in Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to identify and review the use of digital health technologies in COVID-19 detection and response management in Indonesia. It is the world's fourth most populous nation, and Southeast Asia's most populous country, with considerable public health pressures. METHODS: This paper conducted a literature review of publicly accessible information in technical and scientific journals, as well as news articles between September 2020 to August 2022 to identify the use case examples of digital technologies in COVID-19 detection and response management in Indonesia. RESULTS: The results are presented into three groups, namely (i) Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (technologies for the collection and/or processing of data); (ii) Healthcare System Technologies (acting at the public health level); and (iii) Population Treatment (acting at the individual patient level). Some of these technologies are the result of government-academia-private sector collaborations during the pandemic, which represent a novel, multi-sectoral practice in Indonesia within the public healthcare ecosystem. A small number of the identified technologies pre-existed the pandemic, but were upgraded and adapted for the current needs. CONCLUSIONS: Digital technologies were developed in Indonesia during the pandemic, with a direct impact in supporting the COVID-19 management, detection, response, and treatment. They addressed different areas of the technological spectrum, and with different levels of adoption, ranging from local, regional to national. The indirect impact from this wave of technological creation and use, is to provide a strong foundation for fostering future multi-sectoral collaboration within the national healthcare system of Indonesia

Building referral mechanisms for neonatal care in humanitarian emergency settings: A systematic review

AIM: During humanitarian emergencies, women and children are particularly vulnerable to health complications and neonatal mortality rates have been shown to rise. Additionally, health cluster partners face challenges in coordinating referrals, both between communities and camps to health facilities and across different levels of health facilities. The purpose of this review was to identify the primary referral needs of neonates during humanitarian emergencies, current gaps and barriers, and effective mechanisms for overcoming these barriers. METHODS: A systematic review was performed using four electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, and Scopus) between June and August 2019 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019127705). Title, abstract, and full text screening were conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The target population was neonates born during humanitarian emergencies. Studies from high-income countries and prior to 1991 were excluded. The STROBE checklist was used to assess for risk of bias. RESULTS: A total of 11 articles were included in the analysis; these were mainly cross-sectional, field-based studies. The primary needs identified were referrals from homes to health facilities before and during labour, and inter-facility referrals after labour to more specialised services. Some of the main barriers included a lack of roads and infrastructure for transport, staff shortages-especially among more specialised services, and a lack of knowledge among patients for self-referral. Mechanisms for addressing these needs and gaps included providing training for community healthcare workers (CHWs) or traditional birth attendants to identify and address antenatal and post-natal complications; education programmes for pregnant women during the antenatal period; and establishing ambulance services in partnership with local Non-Governmental Organizations. CONCLUSION: This review benefited from a strong consensus among selected studies but was limited in the quality of data and types of data that were reported. Based on the above findings, the following recommendations were compiled: Focus on local capacity-building programmes to address programmes acutely. Recruit CHWs to raise awareness of neonatal complications among pregnant women. Upskill CHWs to provide timely, appropriate and quality care during humanitarian emergencies

Developing a community facilitator-led participatory learning and action women's group intervention to improve infant feeding, care and dental hygiene practices in South Asian infants: NEON programme

INTRODUCTION: The Nurture Early for Optimal Nutrition (NEON) study is a multiphase project that aims to optimize feeding, care and dental hygiene practices in South Asian children <2 years in East London, United Kingdom. The multiphase project uses a participatory learning and action (PLA) approach facilitated by a multilingual community facilitator. In this paper, we elaborate on the process and results of the Intervention Development Phase in the context of the wider NEON programme. METHODS: Qualitative community-based participatory intervention codevelopment and adaptation. SETTING: Community centres in East London and online (Zoom) meetings and workshops. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 32 participants registered to participate in the Intervention Development Phase. Four Intervention Development workshops were held, attended by 25, 17, 20 and 20 participants, respectively. RESULTS: Collaboratively, a culturally sensitive NEON intervention package was developed consisting of (1) PLA group facilitator manual, (2) picture cards detailing recommended and nonrecommended feeding, care and dental hygiene practices with facilitators/barriers to uptake as well as solutions to address these, (3) healthy infant cultural recipes, (4) participatory Community Asset Maps and (5) list of resources and services supporting infant feeding, care and dental hygiene practices. CONCLUSION: The Intervention Development Phase of the NEON programme demonstrates the value of a collaborative approach between researchers, community facilitators and the target population when developing public health interventions. We recommend that interventions to promote infant feeding, care and dental hygiene practices should be codeveloped with communities. Recognizing and taking into account both social and cultural norms may be of particular value for infants from ethnically diverse communities to develop interventions that are both effective in and accepted by these communities. PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND ENGAGEMENT: Considerable efforts were placed on Patient/Participant and Public Involvement and Engagement. Five community facilitators were identified, each of which represented one ethnic/language group: (i) Bangladeshi/Bengali and Sylheti, (ii) Pakistani/Urdu, (iii) Indian/Gujrati, (iv) Indian/Punjabi and (v) Sri Lankan/Tamil. The community facilitators were engaged in every step of the study, from the initial drafting of the protocol and study design to the Intervention Development and refinement of the NEON toolkit, as well as the publication and dissemination of the study findings. More specifically, their role in the Intervention Development Phase of the NEON programme was to: 1. Support the development of the study protocol, information sheets and ethics application. 2. Ensure any documents intended for community members are clear, appropriate and sensitively worded. 3. Develop strategies to troubleshoot any logistical challenges of project delivery, for example, recruitment shortfalls. 4. Contribute to the writing of academic papers, in particular reviewing and revising drafts. 5. Develop plain language summaries and assist in dissemination activities, for example, updates on relevant websites. 6. Contribute to the development of the NEON intervention toolkit and recruitment of the community members. 7. Attend and contribute to Intervention Development workshops, ensuring the participant's voices were the focus of the discussion and workshop outcomes

The Use of a Health Compliance Monitoring System During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Evaluation Study

BackgroundCOVID-19 cases are soaring in Asia. Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s most populous country, is now ranked second in the number of cases and deaths in Asia, after India. The compliance toward mask wearing, social distancing, and hand washing needs to be monitored to assess public behavioral changes that can reduce transmission. ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate this compliance in Indonesia between October 2020 and May 2021 and demonstrate the use of the Bersatu Lawan COVID-19 (BLC) mobile app in monitoring this compliance. MethodsData were collected in real time by the BLC app from reports submitted by personnel of military services, police officers, and behavioral change ambassadors. Subsequently, the data were analyzed automatically by the system managed by the Indonesia National Task Force for the Acceleration of COVID-19 Mitigation. ResultsBetween October 1, 2020, and May 2, 2021, the BLC app generated more than 165 million reports, with 469 million people monitored and 124,315,568 locations under observation in 514 districts/cities in 34 provinces in Indonesia. This paper grouped them into 4 colored zones, based on the degree of compliance, and analyzed variations among regions and locations. ConclusionsCompliance rates vary among the 34 provinces and among the districts and cities of those provinces. However, compliance to mask wearing seems slightly higher than social distancing. This finding suggests that policy makers need to promote higher compliance in other measures, including social distancing and hand washing, whose efficacies have been proven to break the chain of transmission when combined with masks wearing

Nurture Early for Optimal Nutrition (NEON) participatory learning and action women's groups to improve infant feeding and practices in South Asian infants: pilot randomised trial study protocol.

Peer reviewed: TrueAcknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the NEON Core Team, Steering Team and all health experts who contributed to this study. We would like to thank the Women & Children First Charity and First Steps Nutrition Trust for their valuable contributions and guidance throughout the study. Steering team members had an opportunity to critically review results and contribute to the process of finalising this paper. The authors would like to thank the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Academy and the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care North Thames for funding the NEON study. This work is also supported by the NIHR GOSH BRC. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.INTRODUCTION: Feeding practices developed in early life can impact a child's nutrition, growth, dental health, cognitive development and lifetime risk of chronic diseases. Substantial evidence suggests ethnic health inequalities, and non-recommended complementary infant feeding practices among UK's South Asian (SA) population. Nurture Early for Optimal Nutrition aims to use women's group participatory learning and action (PLA) cycles to optimise infant feeding, care and dental hygiene practices in SA infants <2 years in East London. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A three-arm pilot feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial will assess feasibility, acceptability, costs and explore preliminary effectiveness for proposed primary outcome (ie, reporting on body mass index (BMI) z-score). Multilingual SA community facilitators will deliver the intervention, group PLA Cycle, to mothers/carers in respective ethnic/language groups. 12 wards are randomised to face-to-face PLA, online PLA and usual care arms in 1:1:1 ratio. Primary outcomes are feasibility and process measures (ie, BMI z-score, study records, feedback questionnaires, direct observation of intervention and sustainability) for assessment against Go/Stop criteria. Secondary outcomes are cluster-level and economic outcomes (ie, eating behaviour, parental feeding practices, network diffusion, children development performance, level of dental caries, general practitioner utilisation, costs, staff time). Outcomes are measured at baseline, every 2 weeks during intervention, 14 weeks and at 6 months by blinded outcome assessors where possible. This study will use concurrent mixed-methods evaluation. Quantitative analyses include descriptive summary with 95% CI and sample size calculation for the definitive trial. The intervention effect with CI will be estimated for child BMI z-score. Implementation will be evaluated qualitatively using thematic framework analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was obtained from University College London (UCL), National Health Service (Health Research Authority (HRA) and Health and Care Research Wales (HRCW)). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific conferences/workshops with commissioners, partners and participating communities. Plain language summaries will be disseminated through community groups, websites and social media. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRAS-ID-296259 (ISRCTN10234623)

Nurture Early for Optimal Nutrition (NEON) participatory learning and action women’s groups to improve infant feeding and practices in South Asian infants: pilot randomised trial study protocol

Introduction Feeding practices developed in early life can impact a child’s nutrition, growth, dental health, cognitive development and lifetime risk of chronic diseases. Substantial evidence suggests ethnic health inequalities, and non-recommended complementary infant feeding practices among UK’s South Asian (SA) population. Nurture Early for Optimal Nutrition aims to use women’s group participatory learning and action (PLA) cycles to optimise infant feeding, care and dental hygiene practices in SA infants &lt;2 years in East London.Methods and analysis A three-arm pilot feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial will assess feasibility, acceptability, costs and explore preliminary effectiveness for proposed primary outcome (ie, reporting on body mass index (BMI) z-score). Multilingual SA community facilitators will deliver the intervention, group PLA Cycle, to mothers/carers in respective ethnic/language groups. 12 wards are randomised to face-to-face PLA, online PLA and usual care arms in 1:1:1 ratio. Primary outcomes are feasibility and process measures (ie, BMI z-score, study records, feedback questionnaires, direct observation of intervention and sustainability) for assessment against Go/Stop criteria. Secondary outcomes are cluster-level and economic outcomes (ie, eating behaviour, parental feeding practices, network diffusion, children development performance, level of dental caries, general practitioner utilisation, costs, staff time). Outcomes are measured at baseline, every 2 weeks during intervention, 14 weeks and at 6 months by blinded outcome assessors where possible. This study will use concurrent mixed-methods evaluation. Quantitative analyses include descriptive summary with 95% CI and sample size calculation for the definitive trial. The intervention effect with CI will be estimated for child BMI z-score. Implementation will be evaluated qualitatively using thematic framework analysis.Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained from University College London (UCL), National Health Service (Health Research Authority (HRA) and Health and Care Research Wales (HRCW)). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific conferences/workshops with commissioners, partners and participating communities. Plain language summaries will be disseminated through community groups, websites and social media.Trial registration number IRAS-ID-296259 (ISRCTN10234623)