Complexity of equitable tree-coloring problems

A $(q,t)$\emph{-tree-coloring} of a graph $G$ is a $q$-coloring of vertices of $G$ such that the subgraph induced by each color class is a forest of maximum degree at most $t.$ A $(q,\infty)$\emph{-tree-coloring} of a graph $G$ is a $q$-coloring of vertices of $G$ such that the subgraph induced by each color class is a forest. Wu, Zhang, and Li introduced the concept of \emph{equitable $(q, t)$-tree-coloring} (respectively, \emph{equitable $(q, \infty)$-tree-coloring}) which is a $(q,t)$-tree-coloring (respectively, $(q, \infty)$-tree-coloring) such that the sizes of any two color classes differ by at most one. Among other results, they obtained a sharp upper bound on the minimum $p$ such that $K_{n,n}$ has an equitable $(q, 1)$-tree-coloring for every $q\geq p.$ In this paper, we obtain a polynomial time criterion to decide if a complete bipartite graph has an equitable $(q,t)$-tree-coloring or an equitable $(q,\infty)$-tree-coloring. Nevertheless, deciding if a graph $G$ in general has an equitable $(q,t)$-tree-coloring or an equitable $(q,\infty)$-tree-coloring is NP-complete.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1506.0391

Online List Colorings with the Fixed Number of Colors

The online list coloring is a widely studied topic in graph theory. A graph $G$ is 2-paintable if we always have a strategy to complete a coloring in an online list coloring of $G$ in which each vertex has a color list of size 2. In this paper, we focus on the online list coloring game in which the number of colors is known in advance. We say that $G$ is $[2,t]$-paintable if we always have a strategy to complete a coloring in an online list coloring of $G$ in which we know that there are exactly $t$ colors in advance, and each vertex has a color list of size 2. Let $M(G)$ denote the maximum $t$ in which $G$ is not $[2,t]$-paintable, and $m(G)$ denote the minimum $t \geq 2$ in which $G$ is not $[2,t]$-paintable. We show that if $G$ is not 2-paintable, then $2 \leq m(G) \leq 4,$ and $n \leq M(G) \leq 2n-3.$ Furthermore, we characterize $G$ with $m(G)\in \{2,3,4\}$ and $M(G) \in \{n, n+1, 2n-3\},$ respectively

Generalization of some results on list coloring and DP-coloring

In this work, we introduce DPG-coloring using the concepts of DP-coloring and variable degeneracy to modify the proofs on the following papers: (i) DP-3-coloring of planar graphs without $4$, $9$-cycles and cycles of two lengths from $\{6, 7, 8\}$ (R. Liu, S. Loeb, M. Rolek, Y. Yin, G. Yu, Graphs and Combinatorics 35(3) (2019) 695-705), (ii) Every planar graph without $i$-cycles adjacent simultaneously to $j$-cycles and $k$-cycles is DP-$4$-colorable when $\{i, j, k\}=\{3, 4, 5\}$ (P. Sittitrai, K. Nakprasit, arXiv:1801.06760(2019) preprint), (iii) Every planar graph is $5$-choosable (C. Thomassen, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 62 (1994) 180-181). Using this modification, we obtain more results on list coloring, DP-coloring, list-forested coloring, and variable degeneracy.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1807.0081

Equitable colorings of complete multipartite graphs

A $q$-\emph{equitable coloring} of a graph $G$ is a proper $q$-coloring such that the sizes of any two color classes differ by at most one. In contrast with ordinary coloring, a graph may have an equitable $q$-coloring but has no equitable $(q+1)$-coloring. The \emph{equitable chromatic threshold} is the minimum $p$ such that $G$ has an equitable $q$-coloring for every $q\geq p.$ In this paper, we establish the notion of $p(q: n_1,\ldots, n_k)$ which can be computed in linear-time and prove the following. Assume that $K_{n_1,\ldots,n_k}$ has an equitable $q$-coloring. Then $p(q: n_1,\ldots, n_k)$ is the minimum $p$ such that $K_{n_1,\ldots,n_k}$ has an equitable $r$-coloring for each $r$ satisfying $p \leq r \leq q.$ Since $K_{n_1,\ldots,n_k}$ has an equitable $(n_1+\cdots+n_k)$-coloring, the equitable chromatic threshold of $K_{n_1,\ldots,n_k}$ is $p(n_1+\cdots+n_k: n_1,\ldots, n_k).$ We find out later that the aforementioned immediate consequence is exactly the same as the formula of Yan and Wang \cite{YW12}. Nonetheless, the notion of $p(q: n_1,\ldots, n_k)$ can be used for each $q$ in which $K_{n_1,\ldots,n_k}$ has an equitable $q$-coloring and the proof presented here is much shorter.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1506.0391

The strong equitable vertex 2-arboricity of complete bipartite and tripartite graphs

A $(q,r)$\emph{-tree-coloring} of a graph $G$ is a $q$-coloring of vertices of $G$ such that the subgraph induced by each color class is a forest of maximum degree at most $r.$ An \emph{equitable $(q, r)$-tree-coloring} of a graph $G$ is a $(q,r)$-tree-coloring such that the sizes of any two color classes differ by at most one. Let the \emph{strong equitable vertex $r$-arboricity} be the minimum $p$ such that $G$ has an equitable $(q, r)$-tree-coloring for every $q\geq p.$ In this paper, we find the exact value for each $va^\equiv_2(K_{m,n})$ and $va^\equiv_2(K_{l,m,n}).

Planar graphs without pairwise adjacent 3-,4-,5-, and 6-cycle are 4-choosable

Xu and Wu proved that if every 5-cycle of a planar graph G is not simultaneously adjacent to 3-cycles and 4-cycles, then G is 4-choosable. In this paper, we improve this result as follows. If G is a planar graph without pairwise adjacent 3-,4-,5-, and 6-cycle, then G is 4-choosable.Comment: 17 pages and 2 figure

Sufficient conditions on cycles that make planar graphs 4-choosable

Xu and Wu proved that if every $5$-cycle of a planar graph $G$ is not simultaneously adjacent to $3$-cycles and $4$-cycles, then $G$ is $4$-choosable. In this paper, we improve this result as follows. Let $\{i, j, k, l\} = \{3,4,5,6\}.$ For any chosen $i,$ if every $i$-cycle of a planar graph $G$ is not simultaneously adjacent to $j$-cycles, $k$-cycles, and $l$-cycles, then $G$ is $4$-choosable

Every planar graph without ii-cycles adjacent simultaneously to jj-cycles and kk-cycles is DP-44-colorable when {i,j,k}={3,4,5}\{i,j,k\}=\{3,4,5\}

DP-coloring is a generalization of a list coloring in simple graphs. Many results in list coloring can be generalized in those of DP-coloring. Kim and Ozeki showed that planar graphs without $k$-cycles where $k=3,4,5,$ or $6$ are DP-$4$-colorable. Recently, Kim and Yu extended the result on $3$- and $4$-cycles by showing that planar graphs without triangles adjacent to $4$-cycles are DP-$4$-colorable. Xu and Wu showed that planar graphs without $5$-cycles adjacent simultaneously to $3$-cycles and $4$-cycles are $4$-choosable. In this paper, we extend the result on $5$-cycles and triangles adjacent to $4$-cycles by showing that planar graphs without $i$-cycles adjacent simultaneously to $j$-cycles and $k$-cycles are DP-$4$-colorable when $\{i,j,k\}=\{3,4,5\}.$ This also generalizes the result of Xu and Wu

Some Inequalities for the Polar Derivative of Some Classes of Polynomials

In this paper, we investigate an upper bound of the polar derivative of a polynomial of degree $n$ $$p(z)=(z-z_m)^{t_m} (z-z_{m-1})^{t_{m-1}}\cdots (z-z_0)^{t_0}(a_0+\sum\limits_{\nu=\mu} ^{n-(t_m+\cdots+t_0)} a_{\nu}z^\nu)$$ where zeros $z_0,\ldots,z_m$ are in $\{z:|z|<1\}$ and the remaining $n-(t_m+\cdots+t_0 )$ zeros are outside $\{z:|z|<k\}$ where $k \geq 1.$ Furthermore, we give a lower bound of this polynomial where zeros $z_0,\ldots,z_m$ are outside $\{z:|z|\leq k\}$ and the remaining $n-(t_m+\cdots+t_0 )$ zeros are in $\{z:|z|<k\}$ where $k\leq 1.$Comment: 17 page

Analogue of DP-coloring on variable degeneracy and its applications on list vertex-arboricity and DP-coloring

In \cite{listnoC3adjC4}), Borodin and Ivanova proved that every planar graph without $4$-cycles adjacent to $3$-cycle is list vertex-$2$-aborable. In fact, they proved a more general result. Inspired by these results and DP-coloring which becomes a widely studied topic, we introduce a generalization on variable degeneracy including list vertex arboricity. We use this notion to extend a general result by Borodin and Ivanova. Not only that this theorem implies results about planar graphs without $4$-cycles adjacent to $3$-cycle by Borodin and Ivanova, it implies many other results including a result by Kim and Yu \cite{KimY} that every planar graph without $4$-cycles adjacent to $3$-cycle is DP-$4$-colorable.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure