Formation of the Image of Egypt in 19th Century Britain

In this essay I survey the historical process of the formation of the image of Egypt in 19th Century Britain. Following Foucault\u27s and Said\u27s of view, I analyze the following social phenomena in the 19th Cuntury : (1)The popular shows of Panorama and Diorama of Egypt, (2)The so-called "Egyptian Hall", (3)"The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" in 1851, (4)The Importance of the "Crystal Palace," (5)Modern turism by Thomas Cook. In conclusion, I maintain that these social phenomena, which are deeply related to each other, created the modern image of Egypt.この論文の目的は、19世紀イギリスにおけるエジプトイメージの形成のあり方を歴史的に分析し、その特徴を明らかにすることにある。そのために、ミシェル・フーコーとエドワード・サイードの視点に立ち、次のような19世紀イギリスにおける多様な文化的現象を分析した。（１）パノラマ、ディオラマなどの見世物文化において、エジプトがどのように描写されているか。（２）いわゆる「エジプシャン・ホール」がエジプトイメージの形成に果たした役割。（３）1851年のロンドン万博博覧会の近代的特徴と、異文化イメージの取り扱い。（４）万博会場である「水晶宮」の果たした歴史的役割。（５）トマス・マックによる近代ツーリズムが、エジプトイメージ形成に果たした役割。以上の分析を通して、これらの社会現象が互いに密接に影響を与え合うことによって、近代的なエジプトイメージが形成されていったことが明らかになった

「自然の権利」をめぐって（研究ノート）

平成6年度科学研究費補助金一般研究(C)「自然と人間－エコロジーの哲学的基礎の再検討－」（課題番号06610002）研究成果報告

Aspects of Cross-cultural Understanding in Ancient Greek 2: Herodotus and Scythia

In this paper, I investigated the characteristics of cross-cultural knowledge of ancient Greeks, who understood non-Greek cultures through the concept of "otherness." Herodotus was a thinker who represented other cultures to Greek audiences through many techniques dubbed "the rhetoric of otherness." The most typical and important example is his description of the Scythians. For this study, the following five typical topics concerning Scythia, which were presented by Herodotus in the fourth book of his Histories, were analyzed with regard to his rhetorical techniques for representing the otherness of non-Greek cultures. (1)Descriptions of the king of the Scythians as the center of nomads. (2) The otherness of Scythian religion. (3) Explanations by Greeks concerning Salmoxis (the god of Getae). (4) Stories of Scythian intellectuals who crossed the border between Greece and other countries. (5) Descriptions of the Scythian expedition by King Darius

Aspects of Cross-cultural Understanding in Ancient Greek 1: Nomos and Physis

The points of "nomos" and "physis" played an important role in the cross-cultural understanding of the ancient Greeks. As to the origin and historical role played by these notions, F.Heinimann\u27s view is still influential. His view is as follows: (1) The origin of these notions stems from ethnological studies of the various cultures of the time. (2) However, the antithetical way of thought of philosophers at that time (e.g. \u27name vs reality\u27 or \u27seeming vs being\u27) changed the notions of "nomos" and "physis" into sharp antithetical notions. (3) The Sophists used these notions to oppose \u27law and convention\u27 (nomos) to \u27human nature\u27 (physis) and accepted the lattter and rejected the former. In this paper, I reexamine his view and propose a new interpretation. The outline of my interpretation is as follows: (1) The origin of these notions was not only derived from the ethnological studies, but also from the thoughts of Protagoras, the Sophist. (2) Protagoras presupposed close interrelations between "nomos" and "physis." (3) This presupposition was shared by many Sophists of the day including Antiphon (whom Heinimann regarede the champion of anti-nomos thought). In my view, ancient Greeks had consistently used these twin notions as effective tools for cultural understanding

Historical Description and Paradigm: An Examination of the Black Athena Debate

In this essay I discusss the academic debate called the Black Athena Debate. This debate was initiated by the publication of Martin Bernal\u27s Black Athena in 1987. This book rejects the orthodox model that Aryans founded ancient Greek civilization and proposes a new model. Bernal agrgues that the orthodox model had been formulated through the many prejudices of modern Europe. I examine the debate in detail and conclude that Bernal\u27s model has as many flaws and problems as his rival\u27s model making both models untenable. However, Bernal\u27s contention that the images of ancient civilization have been biased by many prejucices of modern Europe is Basically correct.この論文では、古代文明に対する歴史的なイメージ形成の問題の一環として、20世紀後半から繰り広げられている、いわゆる「『黒いアテナ』戦争」を追い、その意義を考察する。1987年に刊行が開始されたマーティン・バナールの『黒いアテナ』は、古代ギリシア文明の成立に関する学会の定説を覆し、その源泉は古代エジプトにあったとする新しいモデルを提示するだけでなく、現代の学説が信奉するモデルが、ヨーロッパの近代化の中でのアフリカや中近東地域に対する様々な偏見に基づくバイアスによって捏造されたものであると主張した。このバーナルの主張をめぐって、その妥協性を否定しようとする批判的議論が沸き起こった。たしかに、バナールの提示するモデルにも多くの問題があり、モデルをめぐる問題には決着が付けられない。しかし、この論争が持つ意義は、むしろ、過去の文明に対するイメージがいかに時代のバイアスを受けながら成立するかを浮き彫りにしたところにあり、この点にこそ、この論争の真の意義がある

プラトンの初期対話篇におけるテクネー・アナロジー

平成3、4年度科学研究費補助金（一般研究(B)）認知主体における「こころ」「信念体系」「行為」の相互連関に関する綜合的研究（研究課題番号03451001）研究成果報告