Integrable delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of the KdV, Boussinesq, and KP equations

Delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of the KdV and Boussinesq (BSQ) equations are presented. Each of them has the N-soliton solution and reduces to an already known soliton equation as the delay parameter approaches 0. In addition, a delay-differential analogue of the KP equation is proposed. We discuss its N-soliton solution and the limit as the delay parameter approaches 0. Finally, the relationship between the delay-differential analogues of the KdV, BSQ, and KP equations is clarified. Namely, reductions of the delay KP equation yield the delay KdV and delay BSQ equations.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

A systematic construction of integrable delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of soliton equations

We propose a systematic method for constructing integrable delay-difference and delay-differential analogues of known soliton equations such as the Lotka-Volterra, Toda lattice, and sine-Gordon equations and their multi-soliton solutions. It is carried out by applying a reduction and delay-differential limit to the discrete KP or discrete two-dimensional Toda lattice equations. Each of the delay-difference and delay-differential equations has the N-soliton solution, which depends on the delay parameter and converges to an N-soliton solution of a known soliton equation as the delay parameter approaches 0.Comment: 15 page

The Lax pairs and conserved quantities of the delay Lotka-Volterra equation

The delay Lotka-Volterra equation is a delay-differential extension of the well known Lotka-Volterra equation, and is known to have N-soliton solutions. In this paper, Backlund transformations, Lax pairs and infinite conserved quantities of the delay Lotka-Volterra equation and its discrete analogue are constructed. The conserved quantities of the delay Lotka-Volterra equation turn out to be complicated and described by using the time-ordered product of linear operators.Comment: 11 page

A delay analogue of the box and ball system arising from the ultra-discretization of the delay discrete Lotka-Volterra equation

A delay analogue of the box and ball system (BBS) is presented. This new soliton cellular automaton is constructed by the ultra-discretization of the delay discrete Lotka-Volterra equation, which is an integrable delay analogue of the discrete Lotka-Volterra equation. This delay BBS requires multiple time initial states for time evolution, thus it has various types of soliton patterns. Soliton patterns generated by the delay BBS are classified into normal solitons and abnormal solitons. Normal solitons can be discussed analytically, while abnormal solitons show various phenomena which are not explained easily. Finally, we show that the delay BBS is equivalent to the BBS with K kinds of balls if we consider only normal solitons

Immuno-chemotherapy of malignant lymphoma using OK-432, a streptococcal agent

Clinical trials of immuno-chemotherapy were conducted on malignant lymphoma patients. Patients during the period from 1972 through 1977 were allocated to two groups retrospectively according to the mode of treatment, i.e., chemotherapy alone (historical control group, 35 patients) and chemotherapy with OK-432 (treated group, 15 patients). Comparisons were made of the two groups, which were homogeneous with regard to induction chemotherapy, maintenance chemotherapy, stage and histologic type of disease. The treated group had a higher remission rate, and a longer remission duration and survival than the control groups, especially in patients with Hodgkin's disease but the difference was not statistically significant owing to the limited number of cases.</p

Activation of AMPK-Regulated CRH Neurons in the PVH is Sufficient and Necessary to Induce Dietary Preference for Carbohydrate over Fat

Food selection is essential for metabolic homeostasis and is influenced by nutritional state, food palatability, and social factors such as stress. However, the mechanism responsible for selection between a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and a high-fat diet (HFD) remains unknown. Here, we show that activation of a subset of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-positive neurons in the rostral region of the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) induces selection of an HCD over an HFD in mice during refeeding after fasting, resulting in a rapid recovery from the change in ketone metabolism. These neurons manifest activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during food deprivation, and this activation is necessary and sufficient for selection of an HCD over an HFD. Furthermore, this effect is mediated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1c (CPT1c). Thus, our results identify the specific neurons and intracellular signaling pathway responsible for regulation of the complex behavior of selection between an HCD and an HFD

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035

Energy Consumption Analysis for Vehicle Production through a Material Flow Approach

The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the energy consumption in the automotive industry, clarifying the effect of its productive processes. For this propose, the material flow of the vehicles has been elaborated, from mining to vehicle assembly. Initially, processes where each type of material was used, and the relationship between them, were clarified. Subsequently, material flow was elaborated, while considering materials input in each process. Consequently, the consumption of energy resources (i.e., oil, natural gas, coal, and electricity) was calculated. Open data were utilized, and the effects on the Japanese vehicle market were analyzed as a case study. Our results indicate that the energy that is required for vehicle production is 41.8 MJ/kg per vehicle, where mining and material production processes represent 68% of the total consumption. Moreover, 5.23 kg of raw materials and energy resources are required to produce 1 kg of vehicle. Finally, this study proposed values of energy consumption per mass of part produced, which can be used to facilitate future material and energy analysis for the automotive industry. Those values can be adopted and modified as necessary, allowing for possible changes in future premises to be incorporated

The Onset of Subtalar Joint Monoarthritis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

The involvement of the subtalar joint is uncommon in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report a case of a 47-year-old female who had RA with isolated subtalar joint arthritis. The clinical history, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathological findings of the patient are presented. A careful evaluation of the patients for chronic ankle-to-heel pain should be conducted, and concomitant evaluation for inflammatory arthritis, including RA, should be considered