Long vowels in Proto-Japanese

The goal of this article is to provide internal and partial external evidence that Proto-Japanese had both vowel length and pitch accent. The author examines the evidence from Ryukyuan dialects of Japanese and from prehistoric Japanese loanwords in the Ainu language. This combined evidence demonstrates that the majority of Pre-Proto-Japanese words with initial vowel length may be associated with an initial low pitch. However, there are also certain words which combine initial high pitch and initial vowel length. Comparative data from Tungusic and Korean are also used.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42999/1/10831_2005_Article_BF01732501.pd

Cytocidal effects of heat on cultured glioma cells -with special reference to combined use of ACNU-

The effects of heat used either alone or in conjunction with 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl) methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) on cultured rat (C-6) and human (KY) glioma cell lines were quantitatively studied by colony formation assay. Flowcytometric analysis of the cell cycle progression of C-6 glioma cells after exposure to 43℃ was also carried out. The results obtained were as follows. 1) These cell lines had differences in heat sensitivity and in their response to the cytocidal effect of ACNU. 2) Synergistic effects of combined heat and ACNU were observed on both cell lines. 3) After exposure to 43℃ asynchronous C-6 cells accumulated initially in late S phase and later in the G2+M phase. These results suggest that the combined use of heat and ACNU is effective in the management of malignant tumors

Early Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Defect in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus C2/1-Infected Macaques and Relevance to Advance of Disease

To clarify hematological abnormalities following infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we examined the hematopoietic capability of bone marrow by using cynomolgus monkeys infected with pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strain C2/1, an animal model of HIV infection. The relationship between the progress of the infection and the CD4/CD8 ratio of T lymphocytes or the amount of SHIV C2/1 viral load in the peripheral blood was also investigated. A colony assay was performed to assess the hematopoietic capability of bone marrow stem cells during the early and advanced phases of the infection. Colonies of granulocytes-macrophages (GM) were examined by PCR for the presence of the SIVmac239 gag region to reveal direct viral infection. There was a remarkable decrease in the CFU-GM growth on days 1 and 3 postinoculation, followed by recovery on day 56. During the more advanced stage, the CFU-GM growth decreased again. There was minimal evidence of direct viral infection of pooled cultured CFU-GM despite the continuously low CD4/CD8 ratios. These results indicate that the decrease in colony formation by bone marrow stem cells is reversible and fluctuates with the advance of the disease. This decrease was not due to direct viral infection of CFU-GM. Our data may support the concept that, in the early phase, production of inhibitory factors or deficiency of a stimulatory cytokine is responsible for some of the bone marrow defects described in the SHIV C2/1 model