Universal Uncertainty Principle in the Measurement Operator Formalism

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle has been understood to set a limitation on measurements; however, the long-standing mathematical formulation established by Heisenberg, Kennard, and Robertson does not allow such an interpretation. Recently, a new relation was found to give a universally valid relation between noise and disturbance in general quantum measurements, and it has become clear that the new relation plays a role of the first principle to derive various quantum limits on measurement and information processing in a unified treatment. This paper examines the above development on the noise-disturbance uncertainty principle in the model-independent approach based on the measurement operator formalism, which is widely accepted to describe a class of generalized measurements in the field of quantum information. We obtain explicit formulas for the noise and disturbance of measurements given by the measurement operators, and show that projective measurements do not satisfy the Heisenberg-type noise-disturbance relation that is typical in the gamma-ray microscope thought experiments. We also show that the disturbance on a Pauli operator of a projective measurement of another Pauli operator constantly equals the square root of 2, and examine how this measurement violates the Heisenberg-type relation but satisfies the new noise-disturbance relation.Comment: 11 pages. Based on the author's invited talk at the 9th International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations (ICSSUR'2005), Besancon, France, May 2-6, 200

Objective-based reinforcement learning system for cooperative behavior acquisition

This chapter has proposed the objective-based reinforcement learning system for multiple autonomous mobile robots to acquire cooperative behavior. In the proposed system, robots select the most available target garbage for cooperative behavior using visual information in an unknown environment, and move to the target avoiding obstacles. The proposed system employs profit sharing (PS) and a characteristic of the system is using two kinds of PS tables. One is to learn cooperative behavior using information on other robot\u27s positions, the other is to learn how to control basic movements. Through computer simulation and real robot experiment using a garbage collecting problem, it was verified that the proposed system is effective compared with the conventional system. The future problem is to solve a trade-off between reducing the number of inputs and recognizing the external environment

Evaluation of adverse events in small‐breed dogs treated with maropitant and a single dose of doxorubicin

Abstract Background The recommended doxorubicin (DOX) dose for small dogs is 1 mg/kg. Recent data suggest that DOX‐induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicosis can be reduced with maropitant treatment. Objectives To investigate the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in small‐breed dogs administered a single 25 mg/m2 DOX followed by administration of maropitant (DOX25). The primary aim was to assess myelo‐ and GI toxicoses for 2 weeks after DOX administration. The secondary aim was to compare the incidence and grades of AEs found in the DOX25 group with a historical control group (DOX 1 mg/kg without administration of antiemetic or antidiarrheal medications). Animals Nineteen small‐breed tumor‐bearing dogs. Methods A prospective, observational study of tumor‐bearing dogs, weighing 5 to 10 kg, administered a single 25 mg/m2 dose of DOX IV, followed by administration of maropitant for the next 5 days. Results Inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea were found in 7/19, 2/19, and 6/19 of the DOX25 dogs, respectively. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was 12/19 and 3/19, respectively. Most AEs were grades 1 and 2, except for grades 3 and 4 inappetence and neutropenia in 3 and 4 dogs, respectively. Furthermore, febrile neutropenia occurred in 3/19 dogs in the DOX25 group. All AEs between the DOX25 and historical control groups were not significantly different. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Vomiting and diarrhea were deemed acceptable with 25 mg/m2 DOX followed by maropitant treatment in 5 to 10 kg dogs; however, additional supportive care might be needed for dogs with inappetence and neutropenia

Hepatocyte growth factor produced in lung fibroblasts enhances non-small cell lung cancer cell survival and tumor progression

Abstract Background The influence of lung fibroblasts on lung cancer progression is not fully understood. Methods Lung fibroblasts (HFL1, MRC5, and IMR90 cells) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived cell lines (A549, EBC1, and HI1017) were cultured under serum-free conditions, and the resulting culture media were designated “cell-conditioned media”. Cell survival (viability) was assessed by WST-1 assay. Concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were measured by ELISA. The BALB/c-nu mouse strain was used for the xenograft model. Results Lung fibroblast-conditioned media enhanced the survival of the three NSCLC cell lines tested. HGF was produced to a greater extent by lung fibroblasts than NSCLC cells. Exogenous HGF enhanced the survival of NSCLC cells. Either an anti-HGF neutralizing antibody or the Met inhibitor PHA-665752 inhibited the fibroblast-conditioned media-enhanced survival of NSCLC cells. The co-inoculation of mice with NSCLC cells and fibroblasts enhanced tumorigenicity and tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model. PHA-665752 significantly inhibited tumor progression that occurred after the co-inoculation of NSCLC cells and fibroblasts. In addition, HGF production by fibroblasts was stimulated by NSCLC cells. Conclusions The current study provides evidence for an interaction between fibroblasts and NSCLC cells via the HGF/Met signaling pathway, which affects NSCLC cell survival and tumor progression. These findings may contribute to the development of anti-cancer-associated fibroblast therapeutic strategies. Trial registration No trial registration is required because this study is not a clinical trial. This study does not include any participants or patients