The Schmidt Law at High Molecular Densities

We have combined Halpha and recent high resolution CO(J=1-0) data to consider the quantitative relation between gas mass and star formation rate, or the so-called Schmidt law in nearby spiral galaxies at regions of high molecular density. The relation between gas quantity and star formation rate has not been previously studied for high density regions, but using high resolution CO data obtained at the NMA(Nobeyama Millimeter Array), we have found that the Schmidt law is valid at densities as high as $10^3 \mathrm{M_\odot} \mathrm{pc}^{-2}$ for the sample spiral galaxies, which is an order of magnitude denser than what has been known to be the maximum density at which the empirical law holds for non-starburst galaxies. Furthermore, we obtain a Schmidt law index of $N=1.33\pm0.09$ and roughly constant star formation efficiency over the entire disk, even within the several hundred parsecs of the nucleus. These results imply that the physics of star formation does not change in the central regions of spiral galaxies. Comparisons with starburst galaxies are also given. We find a possible discontinuity in the Schmidt law between normal and starburst galaxies

ASTE observations of nearby galaxies: A tight correlation between CO(J=3-2) emission and Halpha

Star formation rates (SFRs) obtained via extinction corrected H alpha are compared to dense gas as traced by CO(J=3-2) emission at the centers of nearby galaxies, observed with the ASTE telescope. It is found that, although many of the observed positions are dusty and therefore heavily absorbed at H alpha, the SFR shows a striking correlation with dense gas in the form of the Schmidt law with an index 1.0. The correlation is also compared between gas traced by CO(J=1-0) and application of H alpha extinction correction. We find that dense gas produces a far better correlation with SFR in view of surface density values.Comment: 6 pages, PASJ accepte

13CO(J=1-0) On-the-fly Mapping of the Giant HII Region NGC 604: Variation in Molecular Gas Density and Temperature due to Sequential Star Formation

We present 13CO(J=1-0) line emission observations with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope toward the giant HII region NGC 604 in the spiral galaxy M 33. We detected 13CO(J=1-0) line emission in 3 major giant molecular clouds (GMCs) labeled as GMC-A, B, and C beginning at the north. We derived two line intensity ratios, 13CO(J=1-0)/12CO(J =1-0), R13/12, and 12CO(J=3-2)/12CO(J =1-0), R31, for each GMC at an angular resolution of 25" (100 pc). Averaged values of R13/12 and R31 are 0.06 and 0.31 within the whole GMC-A, 0.11 and 0.67 within the whole GMC-B, and 0.05 and 0.36 within the whole GMC-C, respectively. In addition, we obtained R13/12=0.09\pm0.02 and R31=0.76\pm0.06 at the 12CO(J=1-0) peak position of the GMC-B. Under the Large Velocity Gradient approximation, we determined gas density of 2.8 \times10^3 cm^-3 and kinetic temperature of 33+9-5 K at the 12CO(J=1-0) peak position of the GMC-B. Moreover, we determined 2.5 \times10^3 cm^-3 and 25\pm2 K as averaged values within the whole GMC-B. We concluded that dense molecular gas is formed everywhere in the GMC-B because derived gas density not only at the peak position of the GMC but also averaged over the whole GMC exceeds 10^3 cm^-3. On the other hand, kinetic temperature averaged over the whole GM-B, 25 K, is significantly lower than that at the peak position, 33 K. This is because HII regions are lopsided to the northern part of the GMC-B, thus OB stars can heat only the northern part, including the 12CO(J=1-0) peak position, of this GMC.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, PASJ in pres

NRO M33 All Disk Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds (NRO MAGiC): I. HI to H_2 Transition

We present the results of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO) M33 All Disk (30'x30' or 7.3 kpc x 7.3 kpc) Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds (NRO MAGiC) based on 12CO (1-0) observations using the NRO 45-m telescope. The spatial resolution of the resultant map is 19".3, corresponding to 81 pc, which is sufficient to identify each Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC) in the disk. We found clumpy structures with a typical spatial scale of ~100 pc, corresponding to GMCs, and no diffuse, smoothly distributed component of molecular gas at this sensitivity. Closer inspection of the CO and HI maps suggests that not every CO emission is associated with local HI peaks, particularly in the inner portion of the disk (r < 2 kpc), although most of CO emission is located at the local HI peaks in the outer radii. We found that most uncovered GMCs are accompanied by massive star-forming regions, although the star formation rates (SFRs) vary widely from cloud to cloud. The azimuthally averaged H{\sc i} gas surface density exhibits a flat radial distribution. However, the CO radial distribution shows a significant enhancement within the central 1-2 kpc region, which is very similar to that of the SFR. We obtained a map of the molecular fraction, f_mol = Sigma_H_2/(Sigma_HI+Sigma_H_2, at a 100-pc resolution. This is the first f_mol map covering an entire galaxy with a GMC-scale resolution. We find that f_mol tends to be high near the center. The correlation between f_mol and gas surface density shows two distinct sequences. The presence of two correlation sequences can be explained by differences in metallicity, i.e., higher (~ 2-fold) metallicity in the central region (r< 1.5 kpc) than in the outer parts. Alternatively, differences in scale height can also account for the two sequences, i.e., increased scale height toward the outer disk.Comment: Accepted for publication in PASJ, See http://www.juen.ac.jp/lab/tosaki/paper/astro-ph/2011/tosaki2011.pdf for a version with full resolution figure

NRO M33 All-Disk Survey of Giant Molecular Clouds (NRO MAGiC): II. Dense Gas Formation within Giant Molecular Clouds in M33

We report the results of our observations of the 12CO (J=1-0) and 12CO (J=3-2) line emission of 74 major giant molecular clouds (GMCs) within the galactocentric distance of 5.1 kpc in the Local Group galaxy M33. The observations have been conducted as part of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory M33 All-disk survey of Giant Molecular Clouds project (NRO MAGiC). The spatial resolutions are 80 pc for 12CO (J=1-0) and 100 pc for 12CO (J=3-2). We detect 12CO (J=3-2) emission of 65 GMCs successfully. Furthermore, we find that the correlation between the surface density of the star formation rate, which is derived from a linear combination of Halpha and 24um emissions, and the 12CO (J=3-2) integrated intensity still holds at this scale. This result show that the star-forming activity is closely associated with warm and dense gases that are traced with the 12CO (J=3-2) line, even in the scale of GMCs. We also find that the GMCs with a high star-forming activity tend to show a high integrated intensity ratio (R3-2/1-0). Moreover, we also observe a mass-dependent trend of R3-2/1-0 for the GMCs with a low star-forming activity. From these results, we speculate that the R3-2/1-0 values of the GMCs with a low star-forming activity mainly depend on the dense gas fraction and not on the temperature, and therefore, the dense gas fraction increases with the mass of GMCs, at least in the GMCs with a low star-forming activity.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in PASJ, 2012, Vol. 64, No.

Effect of Ethylene Diurea on Oxygen-induced Ischemic Retinopathy in the Neonatal Rat

This study investigated the effect of N-[2- (2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N-phenylurea (ethylene diurea, EDU) on oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR) in a neonatal rat model. OIR was induced by maintaining daily cycles of 80% oxygen (20.5h), ambient air (0.5h), and a progressive return to 80% oxygen (3h) for 12 days (postnatal day: P12). The rats were treated intraperitoneally with EDU (30mg/kg body weight) or distilled water (DW) from P6 to P17. At P18, the percentage of avascular areas in the total retinal area (%AVA) was measured, and retinal neovascularization (NV) was scored in ADPase-stained retinas. Retinal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the retina was also determined by a chemiluminescence method. The mean %AVA in the EDU-treated group (9.3 ± 1.7%, n = 16) was lower than in the DW group (18.2 ± 4.7%, n = 17). EDU did not significantly affect NV, but significantly increased SOD activity (1.36 ± 0.13 units/mg protein, n = 4) compared to DW treatment (1.04 ± 0.01 units/mg protein, n = 4, P = 0.032) at P18. These results suggest that EDU treatment decreased the %AVA, accompanied by an increase in normal retinal vascular growth and/or a decrease in vessel proliferation. The increased SOD activity observed in the present study is likely to involve the EDU-mediated effects