日本の若年女性における一口量と咀嚼回数の関係

Objective: Modification of eating behavior in Japan is promoted to prevent overweight and obesity, but the effects of such modifications are unclear. This study aimed to clarify the inter- and intra-individual relationship between bite size and number of chews of food. Design and methods: Subjects comprised 50 young healthy Japanese women(mean age 19.5 years).Food materials were boiled rice and apple. First, the average bite size and the number of chews per mouthful of food were calculated across the study cohort. The number of chews was counted by subject’s own self and self-reported. Correlation between the individual one-bite volume and the number of chews per volume was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Second, the number of chews for three different sized bites of food (half of one bite, one bite, and one-and-a-half bites) were calculated as a prospective observational study. The number of chews for each of the three volumes of food was compared using one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Results: For both food types, there was a negative correlation between individual mouthful volume and number of chews for both food materials. The number of chews per volume decreased as bite sizes increased. Conclusion: This study demonstrated an inter-and intra-individual relationship between bite size and the number of chews and suggested smaller bite sizes were associated with more chews per volume of food

ヒトクチリョウ ニ チュウモク シタ ショクコウドウ ヒョウカ : YN ショクコウドウ シツモンヒョウ ノ ユウコウセイ

We created a simple questionnaire to promote better eating habits and behavioral modification for the prevention and improvement of metabolic syndrome, examined its reliability and validity, and finally, assessed its effectiveness. A questionnaire, comprising of eighteen items to promote behavioral modification, was prepared comprising of three factors, “dietary recognition” , “eating habits” and “eating action” and was developed based on data from 125 students at the Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Tokushima. Furthermore, to assess the effectiveness of this version of the questionnaire, we conducted a survey on 845 health-care providers in Tokushima Prefecture and Hyogo Prefecture. The results confirmed a relatively high internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.735–0.762 for the three factors. The questionnaire scores in the “obese” group with a body mass index of 25 or higher were high for all three factors and a significant difference was noted between the “normal” and “thin” groups under the category of “dietary awareness” . Moreover, trends between men and women; and between age groups were ascertained, therefore suggesting that this questionnaire is effective in assessing eating behavior associated with obesity

オーラルフレイルと身体的フレイルに関連する実態調査

本研究では身体的フレイルとオーラルフレイルに着目し，被験者自身が自覚する兆候の実態をアンケート調査を用いて検討した。アンケート調査に同意が得られた1,214名を対象とした。本研究は徳島大学病院臨床研究倫理審査委員会の承認を得て行った。身体的フレイルに関連する質問項目として，体重，疲労感，握力，活動量，歩行速度に関する5項目を，オーラルフレイルに関連する質問項目として，咀嚼や嚥下機能に加えて，残存歯，唾液，舌の機能に関する7項目を設定した。質問項目は4段階で評価させ，得点が高いほど虚弱傾向が強くなるように設定した。身体的フレイルに関連する総得点は，男女ともに60歳代が最も低く90歳代が最も高い値を示し，女性の場合60歳代の得点は70歳代と比較して有意に低い値を示した。オーラルフレイルに関連する総得点は身体的フレイルの得点と比較して，年齢階級が上がるごとに漸増する傾向が認められた。オーラルフレイルに関連する質問項目に関しては，一様の増加傾向を示す項目が多かったが，そのなかでも食べこぼし，嚙めない食べ物に関する項目の得点において，虚弱傾向を示す3点，4点を示す被験者数はともに50～60歳代間で有意に増加した。以上の結果より，オーラルフレイルにとっては50～60歳代が一つの重要な年代であり，特に「食べこぼし」や「嚙めない食べ物」に関する評価は重要である可能性が示唆された。In this study, a questionnaire survey was performed to investigate subjective symptoms focusing on physical frailty and oral frailty. A total of 1,214 subjects were enrolled with prior consent. The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Tokushima University Hospital（No. 2404）. Five questions, comprising weight loss, exhaustion, physical activity, walking speed and grip strength, for physical frailty were asked to assess physical frailty；seven questions, comprising symptoms on mastication, swallowing, remaining teeth, saliva and tongue, were asked to assess oral frailty. All questions were evaluated on a scale of 1 to 4, with a higher score representing greater functional decline. The total score for physical frailty was lowest in the 60s and highest in the 90s for both males and females, and the score for females in their 60s was significantly lower than that for females in their 70s. On the other hand, the total score for oral frailty gradually increased with age. Scores for most questions regarding oral frailty increased with age. Especially, scores of 3 or 4 for symptoms indicating a frail condition, such as spilled food and chewing difficulty, uniformly increased until the 90s, and significant differences were found between the 50s and 60s. The results suggest that the important age for oral frailty might be the 50s to 60s and that an assessment of spilled food and chewing difficulty might be significant

ニホン シカ ダイガク リンショウ ジッシュウ シサツ ホウコク

We made a field trip to Nippon Dental University Hospital to observe its clinical training practices on February 16, 2011. Distinctive features of the clinical training system were as follows. 1) Clinical training is given to fifth-year students. Students in the sixth-year are intent on their studies. 2) There is a one-month overlap in the training periods between these two groups, as patients are handed over from the fifth- to the fourth-year students. This handover is a student-led event. 3) After this period, pre-clinical training is given to the fifth-year students for three months, and then clinical training begins. 4) Patients are requested to evaluate and give feedback to the students treating them. Each student should receive five or more evaluations. 5) A mentor system was introduced in 2005. According to our findings and the results of the“ World Café” held on the same day with trainee dentists and fifth-year students, we identified the following means of improving our clinical training system. First, students under clinical training are now permitted to participate in case-report conferences of trainee dentists, as of 2011. This program was introduced based on the concept of top-down processing to help students form perceptions about cases and treatment. Second, the necessity of a faculty-development program focused on clinical training is recognized, to standardize and improve the guidance given to students by advising doctors. Third, the mentor system and the“ World Café” need more attention as elements of clinical training to support students and motivate improvement

Inhibitory effect of Makomotake components on inflammation

Zizania latifolia (wild rice) is native to Eastern and Southeastern Asia. The fungus Ustilago esculenta penetrates this aquatic perennial grass. Makomotake refers to penetration of the Zizania latifolia shoot by Ustilago esculenta. Recent studies demonstrated that Zizania latifolia extracts exhibit diverse biological activities, such as anti–oxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti–inflammatory effect of Makomotake on endotoxin–induced uveitis (EIU) in mice. After the daily oral administration of Makomotake for 5 days, EIU was induced by the injection of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the footpad of mice. At 24 hours–after injection, the eyes were enucleated and cells infiltrating the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity were counted histologically. Makomotake administration significantly reduced the total number of infiltrating cells. In addition, Makomotake suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)–1 β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α in murine macrophages induced by LPS. Our findings show that Makomotake can be used as an anti–inflammatory agent against EIU, and that it may be useful for the treatment of acute uveitis

Factors affecting the number of bacteria in saliva and oral care methods for the recovery of bacteria in contaminated saliva after brushing: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Oral care is important in preventing aspiration pneumonia in older adults. However, it is not clear what kind of oral care can reduce the number of bacteria in saliva. The purposes of this study are to clarify whether there is a relationship between plaque amounts and salivary bacterial counts, and how bacteria dispersed into the oral cavity by brushing can be reduced. Methods First, saliva samples were collected from 10 healthy adult volunteers after 30 h of unbrushing and after thorough brushing, and the total bacterial count was determined by real-time PCR. Next, 40 older adults attending an outpatient dental clinic were randomly assigned into two groups: a wiping group (20 patients) and a mouthwashing group (20 patients). Saliva was collected before and after brushing, and after wiping in the wiping group and after mouthwashing in the mouthwashing group, and the total bacterial count was quantified by real-time PCR. Results In a study of volunteers, there was no association between plaque amounts and salivary bacterial counts. In a study of older adult patients, salivary bacterial counts were significantly higher in patients with higher oral hygiene index and fewer remaining teeth. Brushing increased salivary bacterial counts. Wiping did not significantly reduce the number of bacteria, while mouthwash returned the increased number of bacteria after brushing to the pre-brushing level. Conclusions There is no direct relationship between the amount of plaque and the number of bacteria in saliva. Brushing disperses bacteria into the oral cavity, resulting in a marked increase in the number of bacteria in saliva. Wiping does not collect the dispersed bacteria, and it seems essential to rinse the mouth after brushing. Trial registration UMIN000045854