The Holistic Aspect of the Phenomenon of Entanglement

It is my aim to compare the conceptual and historical paths that led Bohr and Schrödinger to develop their positions with regard to the phenomenon of entanglement. For this purpose, the concept of holism and non-separability in relation to the views of Bohr and Schrödinger will be crucial for reconstructing their standpoints. The idea will be upheld that the concept of non-separability underlies the phenomenon of entanglement. Furthermore, I shall place emphasis on the divergences between Bohr and Schrödinger in spite of their shared holistic world view

モンゴル ノウギョウ ニ オケル ユウキヒリョウ ト カガクヒリョウ ノ シュウリョウ ヘ ノ コウカ ノ ヒカク

モンゴルにおいて，施肥を行わない粗放的農地の拡大から土壌保全のための技術が求められている。そこでモンゴルの半乾燥地において，2010年から2013年にわたり行った，家畜糞を自給可能な肥料として使用する圃場試験について報告する。最初の圃場試験（Experiment-1）では，モンゴルで伝統的な粗放的農地管理下において，2010年から2012年にわたり，バレイショ，ライ麦，飼料用カブを家畜糞堆肥（ヤギおよび羊の糞）40 Mg ha－1y－1または化学肥料（90 kg ha－1y－1 of N, P2O5, and K2O）を使用して3年間栽培した。次の圃場試験（Experiment-2）では，より集約的に雑草除去を行う条件下で2013年に家畜糞堆肥を2ヶ月熟成したもの（2m-compost）および2年間熟成した堆肥（2y-compost）をそれぞれ20, 40, 60 Mg ha－1施用し，バレイショを栽培した。Experiment-1の結果，3年間の栽培において，土壌中可給態窒素量および収量は，ともに家畜糞堆肥において多く，化学肥料の施与効果は全く認められなかった。化学肥料の効果が認められなかった理由として，生育期間中の降水量の不足及び粗放的管理下における雑草によるストレスが考えられる。しかしながらExperiment-2の結果として，雑草除去を行う条件下では2y-compost施用下において無施肥区に比べ有意な収量増加が認められた。これは2y-compostの熟成期間が長くそれにより窒素含量も高かったことによると見られた。これらの結果から，モンゴルにおいて伝統的な粗放的農地管理下では，化学肥料，有機肥料の使用はともに収量向上に効果的でなく，一方で堆肥施肥は集約的な農地管理下で有効に収量を向上させうることが示された。In Mongolia, the rapid increase of extensive cropping areas without fertilization has created a serious need for land conservation technology. This paper describes the field study we conducted in a semi-arid region of Mongolia from 2010 to 2013 in which we used animal composts as a self-support fertilizer for two field experiments. In the first field experiment (Experiment-1), from 2010 to 2012, potato, rye, pea and turnip crops were cultivated in the compost plot with the application of animal compost (3-month matured dung of sheep and goats) of 40 Mg ha－1y－1, and in the NPK plot with the application of chemical fertilizer (90 kg ha－1y－1 of N, P2O5, and K2O) under traditional extensive land management without weed control. In the second field experiment (Experiment-2) in 2013, the effects of composts with different application amounts and maturing time were studied under weed control. The composts with a 2-year maturing time (2y-compost) and a 2-month maturing time (2m-compost) were applied in amounts of 20, 40, and 60 Mg ha－1 for potato and wheat. From the results of Experiment-1, during three years, we saw that the soil available-N values and crop yields tended to be higher for the compost plot and there was no effect from chemical fertilizer on crop yields. The low efficiency of chemical fertilizer might be due to insufficient precipitation and severe weed stress under extensive land management. However, the use of animal compost had an apparent positive effect in Experiment-2 with controlling the weed effect. We observed significantly higher yields for application of the 2y-compost compared to the control. The long maturing time compost was more effective to increase crop yields due to its higher N content. These results showed that the use of both chemical and organic fertilizer was not effective to increase crop production under the extensive cropping system traditionally used in Mongolia. Also it was shown that the compost application increases crop yield under intensive land management

ホッカイドウ ニ オイテ タイヒ ノ シヨウカ デ 3ネンカン リン カリウム ヲ ムセヒ ト シタ バアイ ノ サクモツシュウリョウ オヨビ ドジョウリカガクセイ ヘノ エイキョウ

北海道網走地域は北日本の最も重要な農業地帯の1つである。長期にわたる施肥によって同地域のほとんどの農耕地土壌には過剰に蓄積した可給態リン,カリウムが認められる。さらに,この地域では3年間に1回,およそ30Mgha^-^1の堆肥の施用によって,リンとカリウムが約450kg P_2O_5ha^-^1,780kg K_2Oha^-^1程度投入されている。この蓄積したリンおよびカリウムを利用し,リンとカリウムの減肥が可能であるかどうか評価するため,圃場試験を行った。テンサイ,バレイショ,コムギおよびオオムギを用いたこの地域内の典型的な輪作体系の中で栽培した。その際施肥条件として,i)慣行NPK施肥,ii)リン半量施肥;iii)無リン施肥;iv)無リン,無カリ施肥をそれぞれ設けた。試験圃場として,黒ボク土圃場2圃場(Urashibetsu A, B),灰色台地土圃場2圃場(Yasaka A, B)の4圃場を使用した。試験開始前(2008年)に堆肥30Mgha^-^1をUrashibetsu AおよびYasaka A圃場に施用した。Urashibetsu BおよびYasaka B圃場については,2007年と2010年に同様に堆肥30Mgha^-^1が施用されており,特にUrashibetsu B圃場には,2010年に緑肥としてエンバクが栽培され,鋤きこまれている。これら圃場において作物の収量,土壌中可給態リン酸,交換性カリウム含量及び形態別リン酸(Al 型P,Fe型P,Ca型P)を測定した。結果として,3年間の試験においてリンおよびカリウム無施肥による収量への影響はほとんど認められなかった。堆肥の施用により,3年間のリン,カリウム無施肥処理においても土壌の可給態リン酸,交換性カリウム含量の減少は認められなかった。堆肥の施用はまた,Urashibetsu AおよびYasaka A圃場においてCa型Pの増加および Fe型Pの減少をもたらした。以上の結果は堆肥の施用が有機体リンの供給源としてのみならず本来不可給態であるFe型Pの可給化によって土壌の可給態リンを増加させたことを示唆した。これらの結果から,リンおよびカリウムの減肥あるいは無施肥は堆肥の施用後に行うことが望ましいと考えられた。The Abashiri area in Hokkaido Prefecture is one of the most important agricultural areas in northern Japan. Due to long-term fertilization, most of the agricultural soil in this area has highly accumulated available P and K. In addition to this, typically about 450kg P_2O_5ha^-^1 and 780kg K_2Oha^-^1 have been applied with 30Mgha^-^1 of animal manure every three years. In order to assess the possibility of decreased P and K fertilization using this accumulated P and K, we evaluated the effects of three years of continuous low or no P and K fertilization on crop productivity by a field experiment. From 2009 to 2011, sugar beet, potato, wheat and barley were cultivated using the major crop rotation system in this area. Four fertilization methods were used: i) Conventional NPK application, ii) Half P fertilization; iii) No P fertilization; and iv) No P and no K fertilization. Two Andosol fields (Urashibetsu A, B) and two Cambisol fields (Yasaka A, B) were used for this study. 30Mgha^-^1 of manure was applied to Urashibetsu A and Yasaka A field before the experiment. For Urashibetsu B and Yasaka B field, the same amount of manure was applied in 2007 and 2010, respectively. Especially in Urashibetsu B field, in 2010, oat was cultivated as green manure and plowed back into the field. The crop yield, soil available P and exchangeable K amounts, soil P fractions (Al bound P, Fe bound P, Ca bound P) were measured. As a result, almost no significant effects of P/K fertilization on crop yield were observed during three years. Due to manure application, soil available P and exchangeable K amount did not decrease because of the three years of no P and no K application. Manure application for Urashibetsu A and Yasaka A fields also increased Ca bound P fraction and decreased Fe bound P fraction. These results suggested that manure application increased soil P availability not only as an organic P source but also as a contributor to Fe bound P utilization. From these results, we considered that decreased or no P/K fertilization method should be started the next year after manure application in Abashiri area

ホッカイドウアバシリトウブチイキ ニ オケル カサイリュウタイセキブツ ニ フクマレル アパタイトリンサン ノ ヒョウカ ト ソノ ノウギョウリヨウ

北海道網走地域では,ほぼ全域に火山放出物である屈斜路火砕流堆積物が分布している。同地域において,大規模畑作圃場の多くが,基盤整備事業において均平化のための地形修正を受けた結果,作土下にこの火砕流堆積物からなる下層土を持つことが知られている。この火砕流層は,作物根の下層土への発達を阻害するため生産性を向上する上で問題となっている。しかし一方で,火山放出物の多くはリン鉱物であるアパタイトを含むことから,この火砕流層は潜在的なリン資源としても期待できる。そこで,網走市東部の地形修正を受けた圃場,および同地域内の自然林下から採取された火砕流堆積物について,リン酸の化学形態を調査し,リン資源としての評価を行なった。同時に,圃場においてこの火砕流層と作土とを全層混合することにより,リン酸肥沃度を向上しうるかについて,テンサイ栽培試験により検討した。その結果,網走地域の火砕流堆積物中にはアパタイト形態のリン酸が400-1000mg P2O5 kg-1程度含まれ,このうち70-170mg P2O5 kg-1程度が可給態リン酸として評価された。このリン酸量は北海道のリン酸肥沃度改良目標値に匹敵する。この火砕流層を作土と全層混合することにより,テンサイのリン酸吸収量は50%増加し,糖収量も30%増加したことから,網走地域の火砕流堆積物は農業上有用なリン資源として活用できると考えられる。In Abashiri district, in the eastern part of Hokkaido, much arable land that has been leveled for agricultural use has subsoil layers that consist of Kutcharo pyroclastic flow deposits. Kutcharo pyroclastic flow deposits in subsoil were generally compacted by land leveling, so that penetration resistance is too high to allow the root development of arable crops. However, the available phosphate (Truog-P) content is high (70-170mg P2O5 kg-1). Thus, the chemical forms of phosphorus (P) in the pyroclastic flow deposits were evaluated using the selective extraction of each form of phosphorus, i.e. Al-bound, Fe-bound and Ca-bound P (Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P). The utilization of the phosphorus in the pyroclastic flow deposits was also investigated in a field cultivation experiment. Sugar beet was grown in a field with pyroclastic flow deposits in subsoil. Two years ago at the start of the experiment, trenchers were used to thoroughly mix pyroclastic flow subsoil with top soil in a part of the field to improve the root development (subsoil mixed plot) and the rest of the field was used as a control plot. It was determined that most of the P in the pyroclastic flow deposits was in the Ca-P form. It is well known that volcanic tephra contains the mineral apatite. Therefore, the high Truog-P content of Kutcharo pyroclastic flow deposits should be due to the presence of apatite. The field cultivation experiment showed that subsoil mixing clearly improved root development in the subsoil. The phosphorus uptake was 50% higher for the deep cultivated plot than the control plot. This suggested that the sugar beet roots utilized the apatite-P in their root development. Although the presence of the pyroclastic flow deposits has been a limiting factor for agricultural productivity, the apatite-P should be an important resource which can improve agricultural activities in Abashiri district

Distribution coefficients of selenium in Japanese agricultural soils and the factors affecting selenium sorption behavior

The selenium (Se) sorption behavior in Japanese soils was studied by radiotracer experiments. Soil/soil solution distribution coefficients (Kds) were obtained for 110 agricultural soil samples as an index of Se sorption level using 75Se as a tracer. The Kd values ranged from 4 to 1616 L kg-1, and their geometric mean was 219 L kg-1. Among the soil types, volcanic ash soils had higher Kd values. It is known that volcanic ash soils contain large amounts of active-aluminum (Al) and active-iron (Fe), and the active-Al and -Fe were considered to be the major adsorbents of Se. The primary adsorption mechanism of Se onto soil active-Al and -Fe has been regarded as ligand-exchange, which is the same adsorption mechanism for phosphate. Therefore, the effect of phosphate input on Se sorption behavior was also verified.Mini-Symposium on Radioecolog

Distribution coefficients of tin in Japanese agricultural soils and the factors affecting tin sorption behavior

Sorption behavior of tin (Sn) in Japanese agricultural soils was studied. Soil-soil solution distribution coefficient (Kd) of Sn (Kd-Sn) for 142 soil samples ranged between 128-1 590 000 (L/kg) with the geometric mean of 12 400 (L/kg). The Kd-Sn values for Andosol tended to be higher than those of the other soil groups. Among the relationships between Kd-Sn values and soil properties, a high correlation was observed for soil active Al (Al-(hydr)oxide and Al-humus complex) amount and Kd-Sn. The pH effect on Sn sorption was also investigated. The results suggested that the low pH condition enhanced the Sn sorption in soils. The soil-sorbed Sn fractions in each type of soil material were also evaluated with selective extraction methods. The results showed that most of the soil-sorbed Sn was as organic matter-bound or Al/Fe-(hydr)oxide-bound forms

Distribution coefficients of tin (Sn) in Japanese agricultural soils

From the viewpoint of nuclear waste management, environmental mobility of tin (Sn) is important because 126Sn (half life: 105 y) and 121mSn (half life: 55.5 y) are fission products of 235U and are found in nuclear wastes. In soil environments, Sn mobility can be affected by its sorption onto the soil solid phase. Thus, in this study, we studied sorption behavior of Sn in Japanese agricultural soils using radiotracer experiments with 113Sn tracer. Soil-soil solution distribution coefficient (Kd) of Sn (Kd-Sn) was measured for 110 soil samples from 4 Japanese soil types as an index of the sorption levels. Kd is defined as the concentration of an element in or on the soil solid phase divided by the concentration of the element in the soil solution. Since the Sn solubility is highly pH dependent, the pH effect on Sn mobility in soil-solution system was also investigated. Moreover, we evaluated the soil-sorbed Sn fractions in each type pf soil colloidusing selective extraction because metal sorption in soil is generally controlled by the soil colloids such as clay minerals and soil organic matters.18th World Congress of Soil Scienc