An Empirical analysis of Open Source Software Defects data through Software Reliability Growth Models

The purpose of this study is to analyze the reliability growth of Open Source Software (OSS) using Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGM). This study uses defects data of twenty five different releases of five OSS projects. For each release of the selected projects two types of datasets have been created; datasets developed with respect to defect creation date (created date DS) and datasets developed with respect to defect updated date (updated date DS). These defects datasets are modelled by eight SRGMs; Musa Okumoto, Inflection S-Shaped, Goel Okumoto, Delayed S-Shaped, Logistic, Gompertz, Yamada Exponential, and Generalized Goel Model. These models are chosen due to their widespread use in the literature. The SRGMs are fitted to both types of defects datasets of each project and the their fitting and prediction capabilities are analysed in order to study the OSS reliability growth with respect to defects creation and defects updating time because defect analysis can be used as a constructive reliability predictor. Results show that SRGMs fitting capabilities and prediction qualities directly increase when defects creation date is used for developing OSS defect datasets to characterize the reliability growth of OSS. Hence OSS reliability growth can be characterized with SRGM in a better way if the defect creation date is taken instead of defects updating (fixing) date while developing OSS defects datasets in their reliability modellin

Radiography in Diagnosis of Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis and the Common Pathogens Isolated

Background: To determine the role of conventionalradiography (R.G) in diagnosis of chronic maxillarysinusitis (CMS) and the common pathogens involved.Method: This cross sectional analytical study wasconducted at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi over aperiod of two years. 25 out-door patients with signs andsymptoms of CMS were included. X-Ray views of sinuseswere obtained. Bilateral antral lavage (A.L) was done andthe 50 sinuses evaluated. Mucopurulent irrigations wereconsidered positive and sent for culture sensitivity.Results of antral lavage were compared with radiography.The patients were divided into four groups: True positive(T.P), False positive (F.P), True negative (T.N) and Falsenegative (F.N). CMS was diagnosed if clinical featuresmatched the positive A.L irrespective of R.G. Specificityof radiography (T.P and T.N results) was differentiatedfrom its sensitivity. Most prevalent pathogens and theirassociation with RG was determined.Results: Forty (80%) out of 50 sinuses were positiveon radiography (sensitivity of R.G). Thirty-four (68%)gave positive and 16 (32%) gave clear washouts. T.Presults were 25 (50%), T.N results were 02 (4%), F.P were14 (28%) and F.N were 9 (18%). 21 out of 25 patientsshowed positive antral lavage leading to confirmationof diagnosis in 21 (84%) cases. Specificity of radiographywas 54%. Most prevalent pathogens found were anaerobes.The sinuses infected with anaerobes were either clear orshowed mucosal thickening on R.G.Conclusion: Diagnosis of CMS should not be basedon conventional radiography alone. It may only be used asan adjunctive tool by correlating it with the patients’symptoms and signs and evaluation by antral lavag

Extending Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network Life without Full Knowledge

When extending the life of Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks (WRSN), one challenge is charging networks as they grow larger. Overcoming this limitation will render a WRSN more practical and highly adaptable to growth in the real world. Most charging algorithms require a priori full knowledge of sensor nodes’ power levels in order to determine the nodes that require charging. In this work, we present a probabilistic algorithm that extends the life of scalable WRSN without a priori power knowledge and without full network exploration. We develop a probability bound on the power level of the sensor nodes and utilize this bound to make decisions while exploring a WRSN.We verify the algorithm by simulating a wireless power transfer unmanned aerial vehicle, and charging a WRSN to extend its life. Our results show that, without knowledge, our proposed algorithm extends the life of a WRSN on average 90% of what an optimal full knowledge algorithm can achieve. This means that the charging robot does not need to explore the whole network, which enables the scaling of WRSN. We analyze the impact of network parameters on our algorithm and show that it is insensitive to a large range of parameter values

An Empirical Illustration of Positive Stigma towards Child Labor

This empirical note complements the qualitative and theoretical research on positive household stigma towards child labor. We use data from Guatemala and two instruments for measuring stigma: a child's indigenous background and household head's childhood work experience. We then adopt binomial probit regression methods to illustrate that positive stigma has a large effect on child labor practices, and a modest effect on school enrollment.child labor, education, indigenous, stigma, Guatemala

The Effectiveness of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan: Local Citizen’s Perspective

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) concerning reducing unemployment and poverty by creating employment opportunities for the less educated citizens of Pakistan. Convenience and snowball sampling techniques have been used for data collection. The target population was the less-educated citizens of Pakistan. The results of the study reveal that the development of CPEC is potentially effective for Pakistan, in terms of creating employment opportunities for the less educated citizens, and reducing poverty. However, people living in rural areas are less educated and unskilled.  They need to be well trained to avail of particular job opportunities. Hence, the research implies that the Government of Pakistan should introduce skills development and training programs for the less educated community of Pakistan to polish their skills for the particular job opportunities which arise due to different mega projects of national and international nature, such as CPEC. This may lead to the reduction of poverty. Moreover, the study found that CPEC is significantly important for both nations particularly Pakistan as it needs more to overcome social and energy crises as well as for economic development. Therefore, the findings of this research are significantly important for the Government officials, regulators, and policymakers, as it suggests them to consider and invest in the training and development of the less educated community of Pakistan, to attain the maximum from such projects as CPEC

A positive stigma for child labor ?

The authors introduce a simple empirical model that assumes a positive stigma (or norm) toward child labor that is common in some developing countries. They illustrate the positive stigma model using data from Guatemala. Controlling for several child and household-level characteristics, the analysis uses two instruments for measuring stigma: a child's indigenous background and the household head's childhood work experience.Street Children,Youth and Governance,Children and Youth,Labor Policies,Primary Education

Frequencies Dominations for Different Rating of Distribution Transformer under Transients

Power transients faults on high voltage lines are prominently due to high frequency transients. These transients affect the predicted life and efficiency of equipment. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is helpful in analysing the effect of high frequencies and Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) provide support in diagnosis and detection of deformation in a transformers. The major aim of this study is to analyse the incorporation of frequencies based on resonating core of a particular transformer. Using transfer function method an impedance change in transformer has been observed when equipment is subjected to high voltage transients. The effect of change in impedance is that it degrade the life of a core with respect to time. In this paper, research that has been done already on Transformers of different ratings i.e. 100, 50 and 30 kVA are studied and then an experiment is performed on 50-kVA transformer. It was concluded that the core of a transformer having rating equal or less than 50 kVA practically shows single resonance behavior while above 50 kVA for instance 100-kVA transformer core resonates twice. In actual, result defines the core deviating frequency with respect to the rating of a transformer