Effects of Spatial Distance and Paid Card on Price Promotions

Paid card is an important mean of companies to maintain the customers and increase gain. It is applied extensively in retailing, fitness center, and by other service delivers. However, there is lack of studies focused on promotion mechanisms of paid card in the literature. In this paper, the promotion mechanisms of paid card based on the theories of mental accounting, construal level, and customer’s perceived value. The study has the results that the intention to purchase of paid card holders is higher than that of the consumers without payment in advance in the same discount rate. When there is large spatial distance between paid card holder and the target store, the traffic mode will impact on the purchase intention of paid card holders. Finally, the study has provided the corresponding suggestions for companies’ promotion management

Effects of Spatial Distance and Paid Card on Price Promotions

Paid card is an important mean of companies to maintain the customers and increase gain. It is applied extensively in retailing, fitness center, and by other service delivers. However, there is lack of studies focused on promotion mechanisms of paid card in the literature. In this paper, the promotion mechanisms of paid card based on the theories of mental accounting, construal level, and customer’s perceived value. The study has the results that the intention to purchase of paid card holders is higher than that of the consumers without payment in advance in the same discount rate. When there is large spatial distance between paid card holder and the target store, the traffic mode will impact on the purchase intention of paid card holders. Finally, the study has provided the corresponding suggestions for companies’ promotion management

Survival Analysis Using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression for Pile Bridge Piles Under Wet Service Conditions

This paper studies the deterioration of bridge substructures utilizing the Long-Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) Program InfoBridgeTM and develops a survival model using Cox proportional hazards regression. The survival analysis is based on the National Bridge Inventory (NBI) dataset. The study calculates the survival rate of reinforced and prestressed concrete piles on bridges under marine conditions over a 29-year span (from 1992 to 2020). The state of Maryland is the primary focus of this study, with data from three neighboring regions, the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Delaware to expand the sample size. The data obtained from the National Bridge Inventory are condensed and filtered to acquire the most relevant information for model development. The Cox proportional hazards regression is applied to the condensed NBI data with six parameters: Age, ADT, ADTT, number of spans, span length, and structural length. Two survival models are generated for the bridge substructures: Reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in Maryland and reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in wet service conditions in the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. Results from the Cox proportional hazards regression are used to construct Markov chains to demonstrate the sequence of the deterioration of bridge substructures. The Markov chains can be used as a tool to assist in the prediction and decision-making for repair, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridge piles. Based on the numerical model, the Pile Assessment Matrix Program (PAM) is developed to facilitate the assessment and maintenance of current bridge structures. The program integrates the NBI database with the inspection and research reports from various states’ department of transportation, to serve as a tool for condition state simulation based on maintenance or rehabilitation strategies