イネトアゾスピリラムB510カブトノソウゴサヨウニオケルチッソゲントイネキョウセイイデンシノエイキョウ

博士（農学）東京農工大

Empirical Study of the Use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) among Bank Customers in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is perceived to offer considerable benefits and challenges both to the banks and their customers, yet these are rarely empirically investigated. The study was conducted in purposively selected eight ATM location points of four banks in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. The sample size was made up purposively selected one hundred and eight-two (182) and another twelve (12) respondents for survey and in-depth interviews respectively. Data were collected and analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Results showed that most respondents were utilizing the machine for various purposes. Also, respondents mentioned convenience, quick funds transfer, and time saving as the real benefits of the machine. Some respondents mentioned fear of armed robbery attack, technical hitches, invalid debit and perennial network failure as the challenges of utilizing the machine. On the whole, most respondents (67.0%) evaluated the machine as having benefited them more than it had cost them. The bivariate analysis showed that more female bank customers (?2=6.469; p<0.05); more relatively younger customers (?2=66.846; p<0.05); more customers with relatively higher level of education (?2=26.892; p<0.05) and more student customers (?2=61.196; p<0.05) agreed the machine had benefited them more than other groups. Qualitative data also confirmed the various benefits and challenges of the machine to the customers. Using the modernization and rational choice theories, the study argued that ATM is a modern technology which some bank customers were selectively adopting based their real subjective and objective experiences. The study concludes that for the benefits of ATM to be consolidated and to gain wider acceptance among bank customers, the challenges inherent in the machine should be addressed. Keywords: ATM, bank customers, benefits & challenges, modernization, rational choic

Clinical and radiological evaluation of furcal perforation repaired by mineral trioxide aggregate and intermediate restorative material

The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical and radiological outcome following repair of furcal perforation by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and intermediate restorative material (IRM) in mandibular molar teeth. Forty teeth having furcal perforation were enrolled in this study, out of which 20 teeth were treated with MTA and the remaining 20 teeth were subjected to IRM treatment. Following perforation repair, all teeth were subjected to root canal treatment followed by final restoration. Clinical and radiological outcome was evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months interval. The results showed that in both MTA and IRM groups, pain, tenderness on percussion as well as swelling and sinus was gradually decreased with the increase of the observation period. Furthermore, the widening of the periodontal ligament space and communi-cation with the oral cavity were gradually decreased. Although there was no significant differences between MTA and IRM at 3 and 6 months observation period but at 12 months, the clinical outcome between MTA and IRM was statistically significant (p<0.05). It can be concluded that repair of furcal perforation by MTA showed more effective than that of IRM

Clinical and radiological evaluation of furcal perforation repaired by mineral trioxide aggregate and intermediate restorative material

The purpose of the present study was to assess the clinical and radiological outcome following repair of furcal perforation by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and intermediate restorative material (IRM) in mandibular molar teeth. Forty teeth having furcal perforation were enrolled in this study, out of which 20 teeth were treated with MTA and the remaining 20 teeth were subjected to IRM treatment. Following perforation repair, all teeth were subjected to root canal treatment followed by final restoration. Clinical and radiological outcome was evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months interval. The results showed that in both MTA and IRM groups, pain, tenderness on percussion as well as swelling and sinus was gradually decreased with the increase of the observation period. Furthermore, the widening of the periodontal ligament space and communi-cation with the oral cavity were gradually decreased. Although there was no significant differences between MTA and IRM at 3 and 6 months observation period but at 12 months, the clinical outcome between MTA and IRM was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). It can be concluded that repair of furcal perforation by MTA showed more effective than that of IRM

Pond fish culture and socio-economic status of fish farmers in Parbatipur upazila of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh

This study investigates the socio-economic conditions of the fish farmers and aquaculture status in Parbatipur of Dinajpur district during May to October 2016. Majority of the fish farmers belonged to the age group of 31 to 40 years (44.3%) and represented by 68.6% Muslims. Among them 40% had secondary level of education and most of the families were nuclear (64.3%). Farmers were involved in fish culture as their primary (24%) and secondary occupation (53%). Over 80% of the farmers had electricity facilities and 41% of them received health services from the village doctors. Only 9% of the fish farmers received formal training on fish culture. The average aquaculture pond size was 0.18 ha, where 84% ponds were perennial. The average stocking density was 23208 fingerlings ha–1 whereas organic fertilizer, urea and TSP were applied at 8665.4 kg ha–1 yr–1, 210.1 kg ha–1 yr–1 and 133.5 kg ha–1 yr–1 respectively. Pre and post stocking liming doses were 205.7 kg ha–1 yr–1 and 138.4 kg ha–1 yr–1 respectively. Necessary training facilities with institutional supports, credit facilities and extension services could play an important role in improving the fish production

The Impact of Human Resource Development (HRD) Practices on Organizational Effectiveness: A Review

This paper attempted to review theoretically the HRD and its matrix and revealed to show the positive relationship between HRD and organizational effectiveness. In HRD shows the different variables (outcomes) such as HRD instruments, HRD processes & climate variables and organizational dimensions. HRD affects the organizational goals which may result from higher productivity, cost reduction, more profits, better image and more satisfied customers and stake holders considered as organization dimensions HRD activities, as such, do not reduce costs, improve quality or quantity, or benefit the enterprise in any way. It is the on-the- job applications of learning that ultimately can reduce costs, improve quality, and so forth. In the organizational context, therefore, HRD means a process which helps employees of an organization to improve their functional capabilities for their present and future roles, to develop their general capabilities, to harness their inner potentialities both for their self and organizational development and, to develop organizational culture to sustain harmonious superior-subordinate relationships, teamwork, motivation, quality and a sense of belongingness. The study also analyses the Kliman Model of HRM to show the path of mechanisms which could lead to competitive advantage. Today’s fast changing environment modern organizations are more careful to sustain in the competitive advantage relating to HRD our study has been developed to help the management students, academicians, and professionals to understand the subject properly and enhance their knowledge about HRD network within the organization for its effectiveness

Climate Change Assessments for the Gaula River

The effects of climate change were assessed for Gaula, south of Trondheim in Norway as a wetting winter and drying summer are predicted to occur in the future. The research was done in six steps to find the effect of a warming climate in Gaula. Ten climate models with two emission scenarios were used since there is uncertainty in both natural and anthropogenic changes. Periods 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 were compared with period 1976-2005 and the climate data was downloaded from https://nedlasting.nve.no/klimadata/kss. In the beginning, the climate model’s data was checked with the observed data and then the climate data was used to obtain future changes in precipitation, temperature and runoff. For all scenarios, it was found that the precipitation, temperature and runoff are increasing. Summer precipitation increase is extreme, and the runoff is changing seasonally. An increasing precipitation will lead to frequent floods and temperature rise to droughts. The spring peak is reduced and moved. Compared to the control period the increase in annual runoff is not so high 0.9, 4.7, 2.7 and 5.6% for RCP4540, RCP4570, RCP8540 and RCP8570 respectively. Snowpack reduction (70%) is highest for RCP8570 due to high air temperature. Future runoff was scaled and taken to the nMAG model to find the effect of climate change on Lundesokna power plant in the current strategy. The result achieved showed that there is a small increase in annual power production for future climate scenarios. However, the annual change in inflow is zero and the production is increasing in winter and decreasing in summer following the higher winter flow and lower summer flow. Sama power plant will be benefited most among the other power plants (maximum 8.84% annual increase for RCP8570). To observe the effect of drying summer and wetting winter, January 5 percentile and July 25 percentile flow were simulated in HEC-RAS5.0.6. The reach was selected from Haga bru station to Trondheim fjord and a steady flow analysis was done to observe the drying and wetting conditions in Gaula. Results obtained showed that drying summer and wetting winter have effects on the river and these drying areas will lead to vegetation, fish migration problems, water quality deterioration in the future. High flow in winter might improve the salmon fish conditions, still there is uncertainty regarding other species and chemical processes in the river. Water temperature in Gaula was measured only for RCP8570. The average temperature is increasing in water by 1.97oC for RCP8570 compared to the control period. Minimum summer temperature obtained from this research is 6.8oC in future whereas for the control period it is 0.6oC. Increasing water temperature has many impacts regarding species in the river and agricultural problems. Summarizing the results, it can be said that, Gaula is having a different hydrograph in future climate and snowpack is reducing tremendously. Since tourism and recreational activities in Norway depend on snow, this might affect severely. The increasing runoff will give higher production for hydropower in present strategies. In contrast to that, future consumption and electricity price would be different, thus the power company needs to take adaptive strategies in the future. Though in winter, increasing runoff might improve the salmon fishing in Gaula, there remains uncertainty in the water quality for both summer and winter since both low and high flows have their changing capability to the aquatic ecosystem in different ways. Nevertheless, further research is recommended on the power production using adaptive strategies and also for the ecosystem change in Gaula since the ecosystem has a great influence on the aquatic species, agriculture, recreation, human health, etc