Physical simulation of remaining oil distribution in the 3rd-order architecture unit in beach sand reservoir

Introduction: Oilfield development’s primary objective has changed in recent years as a result of a deeper focus on oilfield exploration and possible reservoir oil extraction. These days, the distribution and characteristics of residual oil are hot topics.Methodology: This research study provides a physical simulation of the remaining oil distribution in the third-order architectural unit in the beach reservoir. Based on the reservoir geometry and compositional sequence, the third-order architecture unit in a beach sand reservoir can be divided into three types: layered, plate-like, and trough-like architecture units.Results and Discussion: A water-flooding simulation experiment is performed to find the distribution pattern of remaining oil (shortened as RO and used hereafter) and the controlling effect of the mudstone interlayer. The simulation results revealed that in the layered architecture unit with reverse-graded bedding, RO is mainly distributed between interlayers and accumulates at the bottom in fine-grain sands. The horizontal distribution of the mudstone interlayer has a profound effect on blocking the longitudinal migration of fluid. Second, in the plate-like architecture unit with uniform grain size, RO is mainly found in the middle portion of the model, separated by clay interlayers, with irregular presence of RO in the upper and lower part of the model. The oblique distribution of the clay interlayer has a significant effect on blocking the lateral migration of the fluid. Thirdly, in the trough-like architectural unit with normal-graded bedding, the RO is mainly distributed on top of the model in fine-grain sands and on the ridge-like parts formed by the interlayer’s intersection.Conclusion: A trough-like clay interlayer can promote fluid movement. RO distribution patterns from the current experiment can be used to explore the remaining oil in beach sand reservoirs of similar oilfields

The Karachi intracranial stenosis study (KISS) Protocol: an urban multicenter case-control investigation reporting the clinical, radiologic and biochemical associations of intracranial stenosis in Pakistan.

Background: Intracranial stenosis is the most common cause of stroke among Asians. It has a poor prognosis with a high rate of recurrence. No effective medical or surgical treatment modality has been developed for the treatment of stroke due to intracranial stenosis. We aim to identify risk factors and biomarkers for intracranial stenosis and to develop techniques such as use of transcranial doppler to help diagnose intracranial stenosis in a cost-effective manner. Methods/Design: The Karachi Intracranial Stenosis Study (KISS) is a prospective, observational, case-control study to describe the clinical features and determine the risk factors of patients with stroke due to intracranial stenosis and compare them to those with stroke due to other etiologies as well as to unaffected individuals. We plan to recruit 200 patients with stroke due to intracranial stenosis and two control groups each of 150 matched individuals. The first set of controls will include patients with ischemic stroke that is due to other atherosclerotic mechanisms specifically lacunar and cardioembolic strokes. The second group will consist of stroke free individuals. Standardized interviews will be conducted to determine demographic, medical, social, and behavioral variables along with baseline medications. Mandatory procedures for inclusion in the study are clinical confirmation of stroke by a healthcare professional within 72 hours of onset, 12 lead electrocardiogram, and neuroimaging. In addition, lipid profile, serum glucose, creatinine and HbA1C will be measured in all participants. Ancillary tests will include carotid ultrasound, transcranial doppler and magnetic resonance or computed tomography angiogram to rule out concurrent carotid disease. Echocardiogram and other additional investigations will be performed at these centers at the discretion of the regional physicians. Discussion: The results of this study will help inform locally relevant clinical guidelines and effective public health and individual interventions

Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the Third Eocene Member of Shahejie Formation in the Bonan Sag of Bohai Bay Basin (China): Implications for Facies Heterogeneities in Sandstone Reservoirs

The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. Types of sedimentary facies, and their vertical and lateral evolution in Es3z are not studied in detail. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a detailed analysis of facies and lithological characteristics through integrative studies of cores, well logs and seismic data. Identification of sedimentary structures and lithology of the reservoir zone from cores are calibrated with high-quality well logs and seismic data. Depositional facies in Es3z reservoirs are identified through analysis of sedimentary structures, grain size, log’s trends and seismic sections. Es3z was deposited in the fan delta front setting where five facies associations are found, among them distributary channels consisting of MCS, CSg, PCSs, MS, RCL, WCS, PBSs, RCS and GBS lithofacies, natural levee containing DFs, and furthermore, sheet sand are associated to CBS and SSM lithofacies. GM, GGM and DGM lithofacies are related to inter-distributary deposits, whereas mouth bars consist of PLS, CS and CFS. Depositional history, flow direction of the sediments, and facies distribution are investigated through detailed facies mapping and cross-section profiling to show that the sediments were sourced from southeast to northwest. We found thicker succession of sedimentary profiles towards north and north-west directions. Belt distributary channel deposits, covering a wide range of areas, act as potential reservoirs along with mouth bar deposits, while mudstones in interdistributary channels act as a good source and seal rocks. The methodology adopted has great potential to explore the reservoirs of fan delta front in lacustrine deltas

Microcomputed Tomographic Analysis of the Alveolar Ridge Alteration around Extraction Sites with and without Immediate Implants Placement: In Vivo Study

Background: The aim was to assess the alveolar ridge alteration around extraction sites with and without immediate implants according to extraction socket classification (ESC) using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT). Material and Methods: Ten beagle dogs (mean age and weight: 24 ± 0.83 months and 13.8 ± 0.49 kg, respectively) were randomly divided into three groups according to the ESC. In Group 1 (ESC‐I), bilateral first and third premolars were extracted and replaced with immediate implants. In Group 2 (ESC‐II), two adjacent premolars were extracted with one immediate implant placement in the mesial socket in the maxilla and in the distal socket in the mandible. In Group 3 (ESC‐III), three adjacent teeth were extracted and an immediate implant was placed in the central socket. Primary closure was achieved using resorbable sutures. Buccal sites with dehiscence defects were excluded. After 4 months, subjects were sacrificed and alveolar ridge widths were measured at 1 mm interval in axial and sagittal views, using micro‐CT in sites with and without immediate implants. Results: In sites without immediate implant placement, alveolar ridge width was significantly higher in Group 1(6.1 ± 1.35 mm) than Group 3 (4.14 ± 1.53 mm) ( p  < .05). In sites with immediate implant placement, the alveolar ridge width was higher among sites in Group 1 (6.4 ± 3.8 mm) than Group 2 (4.8 ± 0.46 mm) ( p  < .05) and Group 3 (5.02 ± 0.84 mm) ( p  < .05). Overall, between each corresponding group in both sites with and without immediate implant placement at 1 mm thickness, there was no significant difference in the alveolar ridge widths. Conclusion: With the exception of Group 1 (ESC‐I), immediate implant placement did not prevent or minimize bone remodeling in extraction sites according to ESC.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/106896/1/cid471.pd

Alveolar Bone Remodeling Around Immediate Implants Placed in Accordance With the Extraction Socket Classification: A Threeâ Dimensional Microcomputed Tomography Analysis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141081/1/jper0981.pd