A Middle-Range Theory of Social Isolation in Chronic Illness

: Chronic illnesses and social isolation are major public phenomena that drive health and social policy worldwide. This article describes a middle-range theory of social isolation as experienced by chronically ill individuals. Key concepts include social disconnectedness, loneliness, and chronic illness. Antecedents of social isolation include predisposing factors (e.g., ageism and immigration) and precipitating factors (e.g., stigma and grief). Outcomes of social isolation include psychosocial responses (e.g., depression and quality of life), health-related behaviors (i.e., self-care), and clinical responses (e.g., cognitive function and health service use). Possible patterns of social isolation in chronic illness are described

The Growing Role of Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Risk Stratification: The Missing Piece

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive disease with a poor prognosis. The pathophysiologic model is mainly characterized by an afterload mismatch in which an increased right ventricle afterload, driven by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), leads to right heart failure. International guidelines recommend optimization of treatment based on regular risk assessments to achieve or maintain a low-risk status. Current risk scores are based on a multi-modality approach, including demographic, clinical, functional, exercise, laboratory, and hemodynamic parameters, which lack significant echocardiographic parameters. The originality of echocardiography relies on the opportunity to assess in a non-invasive way a physiologically meaningful combination of easy to measure variables tightly related to right ventricle adaptation/maladaptation to increased afterload, the main determinant of a patient’s prognosis. Echo-derived morphological and functional parameters have been investigated in PAH, proving to have prognostic relevance. Different therapeutic strategies proved to have different effects in reducing PVR. An upfront combination of drugs, including a parenteral prostacyclin, has shown to be associated with right heart reverse remodeling in a greater proportion of patients than other treatment strategies as a function of PVR reduction. Adding echocardiographic data to current risk scores would allow better identification of right ventricle (RV) adaptation in PAH patients’ follow-up. This additional information would allow better stratification of the patient, leading to optimized and personalized therapeutic management

Pulmonary Arterial Dilatation in Pulmonary Hypertension: Prevalence and Prognostic Relevance

Objectives: Pulmonary arterial dilatation is considered a consequence of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH), but despite its relatively common detection, its prevalence and prognostic impact have not yet been systematically investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate these factors in a relatively large cohort of severe PH patients. Methods: One hundred and forty-one consecutive patients diagnosed with PH were monitored for a mean of 957 days. Data including functional class, exercise capacity, invasive hemodynamics and pulmonary artery (PA) echo/CT scan measurement were performed and outcomes prospectively collected. Results: PA dilatation is a common feature, present in the 76.6% of cases in this cohort of severe PH patients. Survival at 1, 2 and 3 years was 83, 71 and 58%, respectively. On univariate analysis, the baseline variables associated with a poor outcome were related to pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (CDT-PAH), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, 6-min walk and right atrial pressure. On multivariate analysis only CDTPAH and NYHA functional class remained independently associated with poor survival. Conclusions: PA dilatation is commonly detected in severe PH patients and is not associated with an increased risk of death. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base

Future perspective in diabetic patients with pre- and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is a clinical syndrome that may include multiple clinical conditions and can complicate the majority of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease is the prevalent clinical condition and accounts for two-thirds of all cases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which affects about 422 million adults world- wide, has emerged as an independent risk factor for the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with left heart failure. While a correct diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease requires invasive hemodynamic evaluation through right heart catheterization, several scores integrating clinical and echocardiographic parameters have been proposed to discriminate pre- and post-capillary types of pulmonary hypertension. Despite new emerging evidence on the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the effects of diabetes in patients with pre- and/or post-capillary pulmonaryhypertension, no specific drug has been yet approved for this group of patients. In the last few years, the attention has been focused on the role of antidiabetic drugs in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart failure, both in ani- mal models and in clinical trials. The aim of the present review is to highlight the links emerged in the recent years between diabetes and pre- and/or post-capillary pulmonary hypertension and new perspectives for antidiabetic drugs in this setting

Telehealth. a winning weapon to face the COVID-19 outbreak for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

COVID-19 pandemic severely affected national health systems, altering the modality and the type of care of patients with acute and chronic diseases. To minimize the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV2 for patients and health professionals, face-to-face visits were cancelled or postponed and the use of telemedicine was strongly encouraged. This reorganization involved especially patients with rare diseases needing periodic comprehensive assessment, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

Peripheral arterial stiffness in acute pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension at short-term follow-up

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a severe and under-recognized complication of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Forty consecutive patients with acute PE (Group 1), predominantly female (22, 55%) with a mean age of 69 ± 15 years, were matched for demographic data with 40 healthy subjects (Group 2), 40 systemic hypertension patients (Group 3) and 45 prevalent idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients (Group 4). The baseline evaluation included physical examination, NYHA/WHO functional class, right heart catheterization (RHC) limited to IPAH patients, echocardiographic assessment and systemic arterial stiffness measurement by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Patients with PE underwent an echocardiographic evaluation within 1 month from hospital discharge (median 27 days; IQR 21–30) to assess the echo-derived probability of PH. The CAVI values were significantly higher in the PE and IPAH groups compared with the others (Group 1 vs. Group 2, p < 0.001; Group 1 vs. Group 3, p < 0.001; Group 1 vs. Group 4, p=ns;Group4vs. Group2,p<0.001;Group4vs. Group3,p<0.001;Group2vs. Group3,p=ns). The predicted probability of echocardiography-derived high-risk criteria of PH increases for any unit increase of CAVI (OR 9.0; C.I.3.9–20.5; p = 0.0001). The PE patients with CAVI ≥ 9.0 at the time of hospital discharge presented an increased probability of PH. This study highlights a possible positive predictive role of CAVI as an early marker for the development of CTEPH

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension risk score evaluation and validation (CTEPH Solution). proposal of a study protocol aimed to realize a validated risk score for early diagnosis

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) is the most serious long-term complication of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) though it is the only potentially reversible form of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). Its incidence is mainly limited to the first 2 years following the embolic event, however it is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed

Relevance of comorbidities on initial combination therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Rationale Demographic characteristics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients have changed over time, but the effects of cardiovascular risk factors on risk status and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) reduction with initial oral combination therapy are not known. Therefore, we tested the relevance of cardiovascular comorbidities in this setting. Methods The study enrolled 181 treatment-naive PAH patients with a 6-month (IQR 144–363 days) right heart catheterisation and risk assessment after initial oral combination therapy. Results Group A included 96 (53.0%) patients without cardiac comorbidities; Group B included 54 (29.8%) patients with one cardiac comorbidity; Group C included 31 (17.1%) patients with two cardiac comorbidities or more. Group C patients were older with a balanced sex distribution. There was a significant difference in PVR reduction moving from the absence to one or at least two cardiac comorbidities, respectively: median −45.0%, −30.3%, −24.3%. A European Respiratory Society/European Society of Cardiology low-risk status was present at first follow-up in 50 (52.0%) patients in Group A, 19 (35.1%) in Group B and 9 (29.0%) in Group C; a REVEAL 2.0 low-risk status was present at first follow-up in 41 (42.0%) patients in Group A, 15 (27.7%) in Group B and 7 (22.6%) in Group C. Group A patients were 2.3 times more likely to achieve/maintain a low-risk status compared with Group B and C (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.15–4.54, p=0.02). No significant difference was observed between patients with non-cardiac comorbidities and those without comorbidities. Conclusion Initial oral combination therapy seems associated with a less effective response for patients with cardiovascular comorbidities compared with the others, related to the magnitude of treatment-induced decrease in PVR

The paradox of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Italy in the COVID-19 era: is risk of disease progression around the corner?

36noObjective The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) oubreak has led to significant restrictions on routine medical care. We conducted a multicenter nationwide survey of PAH patients aiming at determining the consequences of the Governance measures on PAH management and risk of poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. Meterials and Methods Demographic data, number of in-person visits, 6-min walk and echocardiographic tests, BNP/NT-proBNP tests, WHO functional class assessment, presence of elective and non-elective hospitalisation, need for treatment escalation/initiation, newly diagnosed PAH, incidence of COVID-19 and mortality rates were considered in the present study including 25 Italian centers. Data were collected, double checked and tracked by institutional records, between the 1st March and 1st May 2020 to coincide with the first peak of COVID-19 and compared with the same time-period in 2019. Results Among 1922 PAH patients the incidence of SARS- CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 was 1.0% and 0.46%, respectively, the latter comparable to the overall Italian population (0.34%), but associated with 100% mortality. Less systematic activities were converted into more effective remote interfacing between clinicians and PAH patients allowing lower rates of hospitalisation and related death compared with 2019 (1.2% and 0.3% versus 1.9% and 0.5%, respectively; p<0.001). High level of attention is needed to avoid the potential risk of disease progression related to less aggressive escalation of treatment and the reduction in new PAH diagnosis compared with 2019. Conclusion Cohesive partnership of health care providers with regional public health officials is needed to prioritise PAH patients for remote monitoring by dedicated tools.noneopenRoberto Badagliacca, Silvia Papa, Michele D'Alto, Stefano Ghio, Piergiuseppe Agostoni, Pietro Ameri, Paola Argiento, Natale Daniele Brunetti, Vito Casamassima, Gavino Casu, Nadia Cedrone, Marco Confalonieri, Marco Corda, Michele Correale, Carlo D'Agostino, Lucrezia De Michele, Giulia Famoso, Giuseppe Galgano, Alessandra Greco, Carlo Mario Lombardi, Giovanna Manzi, Rosalinda Madonna, Valentina Mercurio, Massimiliano Mulè, Giuseppe Paciocco, Antonella Romaniello, Emanuele Romeo, Laura Scelsi, Walter Serra, Davide Stolfo, Matteo Toma, Marco Vatrano, Patrizio Vitulo, Pietro Geri, Paola Confalonieri, Carmine Dario VizzaBadagliacca, Roberto; Papa, Silvia; D'Alto, Michele; Ghio, Stefano; Agostoni, Piergiuseppe; Ameri, Pietro; Argiento, Paola; Daniele Brunetti, Natale; Casamassima, Vito; Casu, Gavino; Cedrone, Nadia; Confalonieri, Marco; Corda, Marco; Correale, Michele; D'Agostino, Carlo; De Michele, Lucrezia; Famoso, Giulia; Galgano, Giuseppe; Greco, Alessandra; Mario Lombardi, Carlo; Manzi, Giovanna; Madonna, Rosalinda; Mercurio, Valentina; Mulè, Massimiliano; Paciocco, Giuseppe; Romaniello, Antonella; Romeo, Emanuele; Scelsi, Laura; Serra, Walter; Stolfo, Davide; Toma, Matteo; Vatrano, Marco; Vitulo, Patrizio; Geri, Pietro; Confalonieri, Paola; Dario Vizza, Carmin