3,237 research outputs found
Modeling Routing Overhead Generated by Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols
In this paper, we present a detailed framework consisting of modeling of
routing overhead generated by three widely used proactive routing protocols;
Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). The questions like, how these protocols
differ from each other on the basis of implementing different routing
strategies, how neighbor estimation errors affect broadcast of route requests,
how reduction of broadcast overhead achieves bandwidth, how to cope with the
problem of mobility and density, etc, are attempted to respond. In all of the
above mentioned situations, routing overhead and delay generated by the chosen
protocols can exactly be calculated from our modeled equations. Finally, we
analyze the performance of selected routing protocols using our proposed
framework in NS-2 by considering different performance parameters; Route
REQuest (RREQ) packet generation, End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized
Routing Load (NRL) with respect to varying rates of mobility and density of
nodes in the underlying wireless network
Determinants of Debt Problem in Pakistan and its Debt-servicing Capacity
In the last decade, Pakistan's external debt obligations have
risen to an unprecedented level. This is despite the fact that the
country had been able to borrow on concessional terms from international
organizations and foreign governments unlike many other developing
countries. The situation has raised concern about the viability of the
strategy of excessive dependence on foreign sources and the problems it
poses for sustainable growth. Between 1970 and 1980 Pakistan's external
debt grew at an average rate of 11.3 percent. Althol1gh, during the
Eighties it has grown at a much slower rate, i.e. 2.37 percent, but by
1986-87 the level of total external debt had reached more than 12
billion U.S. dollars. A notable feature of this change has been that
since the mid-Seventies the debt service payments have increased at a
much faster rate compared with the outstanding debt
Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.
Its been long recognized that various economies of the world
are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past
several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic
interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this
context, the importance of international economic theory as an area
distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives
international economic theory this distinction is international markets
for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of
economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent
developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on
international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses.
The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this
book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a
discussion of the various approaches used for their determination.
Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and
major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical
framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the
existing international monetary system and the role of various
international organizations
M-GEAR: Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNs
In this research work, we advise gateway based energy-efficient routing
protocol (M-GEAR) for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We divide the sensor
nodes into four logical regions on the basis of their location in the sensing
field. We install Base Station (BS) out of the sensing area and a gateway node
at the centre of the sensing area. If the distance of a sensor node from BS or
gateway is less than predefined distance threshold, the node uses direct
communication. We divide the rest of nodes into two equal regions whose
distance is beyond the threshold distance. We select cluster heads (CHs)in each
region which are independent of the other region. These CHs are selected on the
basis of a probability. We compare performance of our protocol with LEACH (Low
Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). Performance analysis and compared
statistic results show that our proposed protocol perform well in terms of
energy consumption and network lifetime.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless
Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc
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