カザフスタン共和国のラクダ乳酒(Shubat)の性質

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, both one-humped (Camelus dromedaries) and two-humped (C. bactrianus) camels are occurring in pure or mixing herds. A beverage, named “shubat”, is prepared by fermenting camel milk without prior thermal processing. The production procedure is the same as those for the other camel milk beverages named “qaris” and “garris” in African countries, Mongolian “hoormog”, and also “kumiss” that is prepared from raw mare\u27s milk. In this paper we analyzed 5 samples of Kazakhstan made “shubat” prepared from the milk of one-humped camel. The pH of the samples was 3.8-4.1, and the ethanol level varied from 0.6 to 2.8%. There was no significant difference in the chemical composition. The highest levels of amino acid, Ala and Pro contents were 7.8 and 12.3 mg/100 ml, respectively. Regarding trace components, the Zn content was highest in all samples. Sixty-five lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from the samples were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei, L. helveticus, and Lactococcus lactis. The identification of yeast is ongoing, and most isolates exhibit a lactose-fermenting property. Since interest in health products has recently been increasing in Kazakhstan, the benefits of “shubat” may be re-evaluated in the near future. カザフスタンではヒトコブラクダとフタコブラクダが飼われ，その乳を加熱せずに発酵させ shubat をつくってきた。製法はアフリカ諸国の qaris, garris と同じだった。5 つの試料は全てヒトコブラクダの乳が用いられ，乳酸菌数は4.9×10^7/ml から7.2×10^8/ml，酵母菌数は1.5×106/ml から3.9×107/ml，pH は3.8～4.1，エタノール含量は0.6～2.8%だった。一般成分分析値に差はなく微量成分は亜鉛が多かった。遊離アミノ酸量は試料 No. 4 でアラニンが7.8 mg/100 ml，プロリンが12.3 mg/100 ml と多かった。分離した65菌株の乳酸菌を，Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei, L.helveticus, Lactococcus lactis と同定した。Shubat の飲用が「健康に良い」と再評価が起きていた

Study on Production and Properties of Kumiss of Herders in Mongolian Dry Steppe

Kumiss, prepared in dry inland Asia, is a carbonated beverage containing about 2% alcohol, prepared by fermenting raw horse milk with lactic acid bacteria and yeast. The quality of Kumiss is markedly influenced by factors affecting the quality of horse milk: grass eaten by horses, habitat and microclimate conditions of the herders’ home (temperature). The type of microorganisms and dominant flora in Kumiss vary among families. Many lactic acid bacteria involved in fermentation belong to Lactobacillus and yeast is mainly belonging to genus Kluveromyces. At present, plastic containers mostly replaced bovine leather vessels traditionally used by herders for fermentation. Men drink about 5 L of Kumiss daily on average, and the vitamin C level in Kumiss is 8-11 mg/100 ml. This beverage is an important source of vitamin C in the Mongolian herders’diet, which contains almost no vegetables. Thus, in summer, daily intake of vitamins and calories in Mongolian herders are supplemented by drinking a large volume of Kumiss

The Changing Dynamics of Kazakhstan’s Fisheries Sector: From the Early Soviet Era to the Twenty-First Century

Kazakhstan, a former Soviet republic that is now independent, lies near the center of arid Eurasia. Its sparse hydrographic network includes a small number of large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, many ponds and smaller streams, as well as littoral zones bordering the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. A diverse fisheries sector, initially based on wild fish capture and later including aquaculture, developed in these waters during the Soviet era, when animal agriculture was unable to meet the protein needs of Soviet citizens. The sector, which was originally centered on the Volga–Caspian basin, was tightly managed by Moscow and benefitted from coordinated investments in research, infrastructure, and human resources, as well as policies to increase the consumption of fish products. Independence in 1991 administered a political and economic shock that disrupted these relationships. Kazakhstan’s wild fish harvests plummeted by more than two-thirds, and aquaculture collapsed to just 3% of its previous level. Per capita consumption of fish products also declined, as did processing capacity. Favorable recent policies to define fishing rights, incentivize investments, prevent illegal fishing, and make stocking more effective have helped to reverse these trends and stabilize the sector. Continued recovery will require additional steps to manage water resources sustainably, prioritize the use of water for fish habitats, and minimize the effects of climate change. This comprehensive assessment of Kazakhstan’s fisheries sector over the past century provides the basis to understand how long-term dynamic interactions of the environment with the political economy influence fisheries in Eurasia’s largest country

The Changing Dynamics of Kazakhstan’s Fisheries Sector: From the Early Soviet Era to the Twenty-First Century

Kazakhstan, a former Soviet republic that is now independent, lies near the center of arid Eurasia. Its sparse hydrographic network includes a small number of large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, many ponds and smaller streams, as well as littoral zones bordering the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. A diverse fisheries sector, initially based on wild fish capture and later including aquaculture, developed in these waters during the Soviet era, when animal agriculture was unable to meet the protein needs of Soviet citizens. The sector, which was originally centered on the Volga–Caspian basin, was tightly managed by Moscow and benefitted from coordinated investments in research, infrastructure, and human resources, as well as policies to increase the consumption of fish products. Independence in 1991 administered a political and economic shock that disrupted these relationships. Kazakhstan’s wild fish harvests plummeted by more than two-thirds, and aquaculture collapsed to just 3% of its previous level. Per capita consumption of fish products also declined, as did processing capacity. Favorable recent policies to define fishing rights, incentivize investments, prevent illegal fishing, and make stocking more effective have helped to reverse these trends and stabilize the sector. Continued recovery will require additional steps to manage water resources sustainably, prioritize the use of water for fish habitats, and minimize the effects of climate change. This comprehensive assessment of Kazakhstan’s fisheries sector over the past century provides the basis to understand how long-term dynamic interactions of the environment with the political economy influence fisheries in Eurasia’s largest country

A New Methodology for the Evaluation of Ecological Characteristic of the Camel : A case Study of Climate Change and Breeding of Camel

Kazakhstan dry steppe is one of important pasture lands of breeding of dromedary camels. In this study, we analysis the behavior patterns and habitat use of dromedary camels based on satellite (GPS) tracking data and to clear the relationship between an increase in the camel farm and climate change. The herdsman’s (or Owners) is decision the pastureland use by year-to-year rainfall. They are also known how to control the different grazing lands by the dry season and the rainy season in the same year. Camel’s behavioral pattern was different in the dry season and the rainy season. The result shows, the average value of the moving speed in the pastures of spring (rainy season) is 2.81 ± 1.64 km / h, and the average value of the grazing speed is 0.324 ± 0.241 km / h in same season. In addition, the average value of the moving speed in the pastures of the summer (dry season) is 4.85 ± 0.1278 km / h, and the average value of the grazing speed is 1.027 ± 0.128 km / h in dry season. More of the moving speed and deviation value of grazing speed Both the dry season, the variation is large, it can be seen that the movement speed is also nearly twice of the rainy season. However, 50% core area (MCP, Minimum Convex Polygon) of home range of grazing area in has been shown to be more of the rainy season, because we finding that in dry season the main food resources of camel is tree leaves and tree branches or shrubs. Recently, lot of studies shows indicated that continuous herbivory pressure has a positive effect on plant performance and biodiversity, known as “grazing optimization.” In this study, we established three sites of the different pasturage pressure and investigated relationship between pasturage pressure and the Simpson\u27s Index of Diversity (D-value) based on field observations (measurements), GPS tracking and stocking of camels. We analytically examined a hypothesis of grazing optimization in which herbivory improves the photosynthetic ability of individual plants. We examined plant performance under various herbivory pressures and considered the evolution of plant phenology in response to a given herbivory pressure